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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Pterocarpus angolensis Trade Name Muninga Family Name Leguminosae Common Names Ambila, Bloodwood, Brown African padauk, Girassonde, Imbilo, Kajaat, Kajat, Kajatenhout, Kejaat, Kiaat, Kiatt, Maninga, Mavamaropa, Mbila, Mlombwa, Mninga, Moroto, Mtumbati, Mukurambira, Mukwa, Mulambi, Mulombe, Mulombwa, Munhaneca, Muninga, Mutete, Mututi, Muzwamaloa, N'dombe, Rhodesian walnut, Sealing wax tree, Thondo, Thondu, Thordo, Transvaal kajatenhout, Umbila, Umvagaz, Umvangazi Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Common Uses Agricultural implements, Beehives, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Medicinal use, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes, Wheel spokes, Wheels Environmental Profile Rare Generally widespread, secure, and abundant within most of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview The species occurs widely throughout south-central Africa, and is commonly found in savannah woodland. Heartwood Color White Brown Ages to dark rich shade of reddish-brown upon exposure Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Dark brown Red Pale brown Pale red to pink Purple Large color variation Golden brown Dark streaks irregularly spaced Brown - purple Brown - chocolate Sapwood Color White White to yellow Well defined Paler than heartwood Yellow White/Gray Pinkish Different than heartwood Grain Interlocked Figure Straight Distinct (figure) Mottled (figure) Even Closed Variable (figure) Stripe (figure) Rippled (figure) Other (figure) Wavy Interlocked Straight Distinct figure Mottled figure Variable figure Striped figure Wavy Straight to interlocked Rippled figure Other figure Often an attractive and decorative wavy, mottled, or striped figure. Texture Medium Coarse Medium Medium to coarse Fine Fine to medium Luster Low Dull Slightly lustrous Lustrous Natural Growth Defects Whitish deposits in vessels Gum/resin streaks Gum and mineral deposits Natural Durability Perishable Non-durable Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Durable Resistant to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from marine borers Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Moderately durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Naturally resistant Moderate to high resistance to termite and marine borer attack Odor Fragrant odor Light-Induced Color Change Lighter Toxicity Respiratory effects Dermatitic effects May cause nasal irritation and bronchial asthma in some individuals. Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow UK=B US=T2d2/T2C1 Fr=2 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Dry at a moderate speed T8 - D4S (8/4) US T10 - D55 (4/4) US Shrinkage (Radial & Tangential) is often greater than 5% Schedule J - United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Drying Defects Splitting Distortion No surface checking No end splitting Slight surface checking Slight end splitting No twisting or warping No cupping, generally No collapse/honeycomb Generally free from spring and bow Moderate surface checking Little or no degrade Ease of Drying Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement Little degrade Fairly Easy Easy Difficult Moderate Dries slowly with little degrade Kiln Drying Rate Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Timber produced by species from Zimbabwe is generally lighter and softer than those from other African countries. Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is moderate Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate Slight to moderate buckles and splits Blunting effect on sawing green wood is mild Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild Blunting effect on machining is slight Boring Fairly easy to very easy Easy Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Fairly easy with ordinary tools Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Satisfactory sawing characteristics Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Good gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to mortise Finishes well Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good finishing results Easy to mould The end-grain, figure, or quartersawn material require special care Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Small Stable Retain shape after manufacture Dimensionally stable after seasoning Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to nail Holds nails well Possible if prebored Holds satisfactorily Thin-guage nails recommended Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Ease of planing is moderate Easy to plane Reduction of cutting angle recommended Figured and quartersawn material are harder to work with Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Resistance to Splitting Poor Good Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges Good response Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Routing yields good results Routing is easy Sanding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly good sanding characteristics Screwing Fair to Good Results Easy to screw Screwing yields good results Possible if prebored Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Easy to turn Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges Veneering Qualities Easy to cut Suitable for slicing Suitable for peeling Steam Bending Poor Moderate Good Buckling and fiber rupture may occur Boring, mortising, and other machining properties are generally satisfactory Painting Good results Polishing Good results Staining Stains well Finish is generally good Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Toughness (total work) = high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Hardness (side grain) = hard Toughness (total work) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Resists denting and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Heavy Hardness (side grain) = soft Density = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11978 16276 psi Crushing Strength 1468 psi Density 39 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1564 lbs Impact Strength 38 32 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5728 8354 psi Shearing Strength 2171 psi Static Bending 7820 psi Stiffness 1107 1318 1000 psi Toughness 241 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 10 12 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.52 0.59 Weight 42 39 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 4 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 842 1144 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 103 kg/cm2 Density 624 kg/m3 Hardness 709 kg Impact Strength 96 81 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 402 587 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 152 kg/cm2 Static Bending 549 kg/cm2 Stiffness 77 92 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 277 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.70 0.84 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.52 0.59 Weight 673 624 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % References Alan Schwartz. Rio Rivuma, Boston, MA. Personal Communication, 1993. Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48 Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal] Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75 Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Desch, H.E.,1951,Manual of Commercial Timbers,The Author Crockham Hill, Kent,Vol.1 Duff, C.E.,1944,Termite Resistance Test on the Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia,Empire Forestry Journal,23(2,pp160-2 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Findlay, W.P.K.,1938,The Natural Resistance to Decay of some Empire Timbers,Empire Forestry Journal,17,pp249 - 259 Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP Flamwell, C.T.,1958,The Working Properties of Brachystegia spiciformis,Tanzania Forest Division Util. Sec. Moshi Technical Note,No.10 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45 Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. McCoy-Hill, M.,1954,Timbers of Tanganyika - Brachylaena hutchinsii and Pterocarpus angolensis,Timber Technology,62(2185, p559 Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi. Pardy, A.A.,1951,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs in Southern Rhodesia - Pterocarpus,angolensis,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin No.1592 Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23 Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Scott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal] Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36 South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1 Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115 Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Tanzania - Timber Marketing Co. Ltd.,1978,Timber from Tanzania Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tanzanian Forest Department, Pterocarpus angolensis,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganika Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28 Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London