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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Substitutes Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Prioria copaifera Trade Name Cativo Family Name Leguminosae Common Names Algorrobillo, Amansamujer, Amanza muger, Cabimbo, Cabimo, Cabino blanco, Camiba, Camibar, Canime, Cativo, Cativo blanco, Cativo negro, Cautivo, Copachu, Copahyba, Copaiba, Copaibarana, Curucai, Eativo, Floresa, Kartiva, Muramo, Palo de aceite, Red cativo, Spanish walnut, Tabasara, Tabosara, Taito, Timbo y ata, Trementino, White cativo Regions of Distribution Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Columbia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela Common Uses Bedroom suites, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Plain veneer, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Stools, Structural plywood, Tables , Trimming, Utility furniture, Utility plywood, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Rare Status unknown in many of its growth areas Status unknown due to inadequate data Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within parts of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview The species occurs in the lowland regions from Nicaragua to Colombia, and is often found in pure stands. Heartwood Color Brown Red Purple Green/grey Pale brown Brown Dark brown Reddish brown Often attractively sreaked Light brown Brown - medium value Black Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Pink Red White to yellow Pinkish White to light pink Oily exudations create dingy surfaces Grain Straight Figure Stripe (figure) Closed Even Wavy Interlocked Weak (figure) Straight Striped figure Weak figure Wavy Interlocked Texture Fine Uniform Fine Medium Fine to medium Fine and uniform Luster Medium Low High Lustrous Dull Pronounced Superficially dull, golden luster underneath Natural Growth Defects Gum/resin exudation Natural Durability Moderately durable Durable Perishable Resistant to termites Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Sapwood non-resistant to furniture beetles Resistant to powder post beetles Non durable Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Susceptible to marine borer attack Perishable Vulnerable to white-rot fungi Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Durable Odor Has an odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Toxicity Some toxic effects Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 T3 - C2 (4/4) US T3 - C1 (8/4) US Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow Drying Defects Distortion Internal Honeycombing Possible Ring Shakes Collapse Checking Moderate collapse and honeycombing No surface checking Slight twist/warp Slight spring/bow No twisting or warping Slight end splitting Expect resin/gum exudation No end splitting Slight collapse and honeycomb Moderate twist/warp Moderate spring/bow Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Moderately Difficult to Difficult Rapidly Slowly Medium to High Shrinkage Requires special attention Easy Difficult Dries rapidly with little degrade Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Kiln drying rate (green to 12% mc) is slow, longer than 28 days for a board under 32 mm, to more than 84 days for a board 63 mm and thicker. Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 10-20 m Product Sources The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber. The timber is exported at a low but regular rate. Certified Source Certified Source Substitutes Substitute for Birch (Betula) Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Oil exudations are common Blunting Effect Moderate Little Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Slight Boring Very good to excellent results Fairly easy to very easy Easy Best if bored in dry condition Carving Seasoned wood is generally easier to work Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Surfaces tend to be woolly Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Mortising Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to mortise Mortising in dry condition is best Moulding Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to mould Poor moulding results Moulding qualities improve with seasoning Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Small Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is permeable Permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Seasoned wood works well Moderate working qualities Routing & Recessing Fairly good response to preservative treatment Sanding Good sanding finish Difficult to sand Best with seasoned wood Screwing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to turn Good results Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy No drying degrade Suitable for slicing Suitable for peeling There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Moderately easy to veneer Drying degrade is often moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splilts Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moderate Fairly good response to preservative treatment Painting Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Requires care because of gum content Poor results Staining Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = very low Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load = very low Weight = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = hard Density = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5415 8153 psi Crushing Strength 441 510 psi Density 29 lbs/ft3 Hardness 625 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 2234 3890 psi Shearing Strength 1006 psi Static Bending 3175 5949 psi Stiffness 991 1184 1000 psi Toughness 86 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 5 7 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.38 0.41 Weight 29 25 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % Volumetric Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 380 573 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 31 35 kg/cm2 Density 464 kg/m3 Hardness 283 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 157 273 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 70 kg/cm2 Static Bending 223 418 kg/cm2 Stiffness 69 83 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 99 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.35 0.49 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.38 0.41 Weight 464 400 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % References Barbour, W.R.,1952,Cativo (Prioria copaifera,Journal of Forestry,50(2,PP96-9 Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1965,Quel est le Bois nomme Cativo (Prioria copaifera)?,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.103,pp59-60 Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Cooper, G.P.,1928,Some Interesting Trees of Western Panama,Tropical Woods,2(14,PP1-8 Davis, E.M.,1949,Exploratory tests in machining and related properties of 15 Tropical,American Hardwoods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,Report,No.1744 Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fleischer, H.O.,1956,The Longitudinal Shrinkage of Cativo (Prioria copaifera,Tropical Woods,15(105,PP1-5 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42 Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32 Hess, R.W., Wangaard, F.F., Dickinson, F.E.,1950,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 2,Tropical Woods,13(97,pp1-132 I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory Kukachka, B.F., Kryn, J.M.,1958,Cativo (Prioria copaifera,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series No.1998 Kukachka, B.F.,1965,Cativo (Prioria copaifera,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Note,095 Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Kynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7 Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press Schmieg, K.,1927,Notes on Cabinet Woods,Tropical Woods,2(9,PP1-3 Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1948,Notes on Ecuadorian Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information,35,pp5 Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA] U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72 Villamil, F.G.,1971,Maderas Colombianas,Proexpo Colombia Wangaard, F.F., and A.F. Muschler. 1952. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume III, No. 98. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Wangaard, F.F., Muschler, A.F.,1952,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 3,Tropical Woods,14(98, pp1-190 Wangaard, F.F.,1951,The Physical Properties of Tropical Woods,F.A.O. For. & For. Prod. Studies Series No.3 Tropical Woods and Ag.,Residues as sources of pulp,pp10-16 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series