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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Andira inermis Trade Name Angelim Family Name Leguminosae Synonyms Geoffroya inermis Common Names Acapurana, Acatrus, Ajunado, Akoelie, Akoelie tjerere, Almendro, Almendro cimarron, Almendro de rio, Almendro del rio, Almendro macho, Almendro montes, Almendro real, Andira, Andira jareua, Andira uchy, Angelica, Angelim, Angelim da varzea, Angelim do igapo, Angelim morcegueiro, Angelim rana, Angelin, Angelino, Aracuhy, Arbre a chou, Arenillo, Avineira, Barbosquillo, Bastard cabbage, Bastard cabbage-bark, Bat seed, Black blossom berry, Black plum, Bois olive, Bois palmiste, Bois palmiste des Antilles, Cabbage angelim, Cabbage angelin, Cabbage bark tree, Cabbage-bark, Cabbage-bark tree, Carbon, Carne asada, Chaperno, Chigo, Chirai, Cochenilla, Cocu, Coeur dehors, Congo, Cornwood, Cuartololoti, Cuartoloti, Cuilimbuca, Cuilimbuco, Cujia, Cumaru-rana, Dog almond, Dog-plum, False mahogany, Guacamayo, Guayacan congo, Iximche, Jacaranda morcega, Kabbbes, Koeraroe, Koeraroe talaboe, Kohlbaum, Koraro, Kuraru, Kuraua, Leen, Legno pernice, Letterwood, Lmendro, Lombicero, Lombigueira, Lombricero, Maca colorado, Macallo, Macayo, Majagua gallina, Maquilla, Moca, Moca amarilla, Moca blaca, Moca blanca, Moca colorada, Morcegueira, Moton, Ocu, Pacay, Palo de burro, Palo de seca, Partridge wood, Peloto, Pheasant wood, Pilon, Pois pedirx, Purga, Quinillo colorado, Quira, Rebhuhnerholz, Rebhuhnholz, Red cabbage bark, Red cabbage tree, Reddie, Redietjabesi, Rere erepare, Rode kabbes, Rodes kabbes, Saint Martin, Saint Martin rouge, Saint-martin, Saint-Martin rouge, Sapupira da varzea, Tree cabbage, Trompilo, Uchy-rana, Vreemoesoehoedoe, wermrindenbaum, Wild olive, Wormbark, Wormwood, Yaba, Yaba amarilla, Yaba colorada, Yabo, Yava, Zwarte kabbes Regions of Distribution Africa, Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Bahamas, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico [US], Senegal, Sudan, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Common Uses Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Crossties, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: woodworking tools, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shakes, Sheathing, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Walking sticks, Wheel spokes Environmental Profile Rare Abundant/Secure Extinct Endangered Secure in many areas of its range May be rare in some parts of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Abundant Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range Distribution Overview Occurs throughout the West Indies and from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America and Brazil.  Andira inermis is native from southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. It has been introduced in the Antilles, Caribbean islands, Florida and Africa. In most locations the tree will grow under varying rainfall and soil conditions. Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow Black Purple Orange Pink Tan Reddish brown Brown Black Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Yellowish tan Red Pale red to pink Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red Pink Green/Grey Tan White to yellow Paler than heartwood Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Tan to brown in color Straw colored to grayish-white Pinkish Different than heartwood Grain Figure Straight Distinct (figure) Interlocked Even Other (figure) Irregular Rays (figure) Rippled (figure) Growth rings (figure) Generally straight, but not always Distinct figure Interlocked Distinct and fine figure Other figure With distinct light and dark bands Rippled figure Rays figure Irregular Distinct figure Distinctive figure produced by bands of light colored parenchyma tissue Texture Coarse Fine Medium Coarse Medium Fine Luster Low Medium Slightly lustrous Dull Lustrous Low Natural Growth Defects Gum and mineral deposits Natural Durability Durable Very durable Resistant to termites Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Durable Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately resistant to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Moderately resistant to attack by termites Heartwood resistant to decay Odor No specific smell or taste Toxicity Some toxic effects Unspecified toxicity Respiratory effects Poisonous Dermatitic effects Kiln Schedules UK=E US=T6D2/T3D Fr=5 T3 - D2 (4/4)US Dry at a moderate speed Drying Defects Distortion Checking Discoloration Slight surface checking Slight cupping Moderate twist/warp Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Medium to High Shrinkage Slowly Reconditioning Treatement Moderately Difficult to Difficult Little degrade Easy Radial and tangential shrinkage tends to be rather large. Dries at a moderate rate with little degrade. Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries at a moderate speed Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Bole length is 10-20 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Tree height is 0-10 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Generally strong and tough for its weight. Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Fairly easy to very easy Very good to excellent results Fair to good results Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Easy Carving Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Low resistance to sawing Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to mortise Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good moulding properties Easy to mould Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Small Stable Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Easy to nail Difficult Holds nails well Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Poor to Very Poor Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Very Good to Excellent Results Ease of planing is moderate Planes to a poor finish Easy to plane Planes well, to a good finish Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Sapwood has low permeability Heartwood is resistant Resistance to Splitting Good Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Difficult to machine Responds well to hand tools Sanding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good sanding finish Easy to sand Screwing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good screw holding properties Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Poor results Good results Difficult to turn Veneering Qualities Suitable for slicing Can sometimes be sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling Polishing Fair to Good Results Poor to Very Poor Results Surface Preparation Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory results Poor results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Surface Preparation Fairly Easy to Very Easy Finish is generally satisfactory Finish is generally good Varnishing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Surface Preparation Good after filling Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry Weight) = >50 lbs/cu. ft Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = Hard Bending strength (MOR) = low Bending strength (MOR) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9463 16853 psi Density 50 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2020 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 4662 8299 psi Shearing Strength 1803 psi Stiffness 2167 2530 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.57 Weight 57 50 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 12 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 665 1184 kg/cm2 Density 801 kg/m3 Hardness 916 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 327 583 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 126 kg/cm2 Stiffness 152 177 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.57 Weight 913 801 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Ackerman, D.P., Krogh, P.M.D.,1961,Brachystegia Species for Railway Sleepers,Forestry in South Africa N0.1 July, pp47-49 Arkwright, P.,1959,Know your Timber No.60 Andira inermis,Woodworking Industry,16(3, p151 Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux,1955,Nomenclature Generale des Bois Tropicaux,Assoc. Tec. Int. des Bois Tropicaux Nogent-sur-Marne France Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods -Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Brazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 Flores Rodriguez, L.J.,1969,Description Caracteristicas y usos de 25 Maderas tropicales,Mexicanas,Camera Nacional de la Industria de la Construccion Serie Maderas de Mexico Fors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La Habara Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Kline, M. 1987. Andira inermis - Patridge wood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 41-42. Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory Lang, W.G.,1954,Forest Utilization in Saint Lucia British West Indies,Caribbean Forester 15 pp120-3 Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249 Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98 Longwood, F.R.,1961,Puerto Rican Woods - Their Machining Seasoning and Related Characteristics,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.205 Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207 Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain Trinidad Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press Record, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47 Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Smith, E.E.,1954,The Forests of Cuba,Maria Moors Cabot Foundation,U.S.A. Publication, No. 2 Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29 Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA] Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 Zeeuw, C. de, Gray, R.L.,1975,Tropical Timber Information Centre Brief No.1 - Andira Spp,TTIC