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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Pinus sylvestris Trade Name Scots pine Family Name Pinaceae Common Names Archangel redwood, Baltic fir, Baltic pine, Baltic redwood, Common pine, Danzig fir, Danzig pine, Finnish fir, Finnish redwood, Fir, Gefle fir, Memel fir, Norway fir, Pine, Polish redwood, Red deal, Red pine, Redwood, Scotch pine, Scots fir, Scots pine, Siberian redwood, Soderhamn fir, Swedish fir, Swedish redwood, Vanlig tall, Vanligtall, White sea fir, Yellow deal Regions of Distribution Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, North America, Western Europe Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Russia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia Common Uses Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: masts, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Construction, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Flooring, Form work, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Living-room suites, Lock gates, Mine timbers, Oars, Office furniture, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Rustic furniture, Tables , Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Status unknown due to inadequate information Globally secure Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview The growth range of this European species is larger than that of any other pine. It occurs from Scotland to the Pacific Coast of Siberia, from Norway to Spain, and from Arctic Siberia to Mongolia. It is also reported to grow in the Mediterranean region, and is a naturalized species in localized areas in southeastern Canada and northeastern United States, from New England to Iowa. The tree tolerates city smoke rather well, and can thrive in various soils, from loams to sand. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Purple Red Orange Reddish brown Red Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Brown White to cream Pale reddish brown Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure Sapwood Color White Yellow White to yellow Well defined Paler than heartwood Grain Figure Growth rings (figure) Straight Distinct (figure) Even Clear growth rings (figure) Straight Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Medium coarse to coarse Fine to medium Luster Medium Low Natural Growth Defects Gum/resin streaks Natural Durability Non durable Moderately durable Durable Vulnerable to insect attack Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Absorbs and retains sufficient amounts of preservatives The timber is reported to absorb and retain sufficient amounts of preservatives, which allows it to be used for exterior applications such as utility poles, railway sleepers, and fences. Odor No specific smell or taste Resin Content Resinous Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=M UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 Drying Defects Dip in anti-stain solution or kiln dried immediately after conversion Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Moderately Difficult to Difficult Easy Seasons fairly rapidly Prone to sap stain Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Bark width is 15-20 mm Bark width is 20-25 mm Bole length is 10-20 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Product Sources Supplies of Eastern white pine are limited, but its availability is increasing after reaching a low in the 1940's and 1950's. Clear grade material is still difficult to obtain. Younger trees and plantations are reported to have replaced the tall straight virgin forest trees that were prized for ship masts in the colonial period. Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Slight Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Good response to boring operations Carving Good results Cutting Resistance Saw without difficulty Low resistance to sawing Gluing Easy to glue Moderate gluing properties Material containing high levels of resin may be difficult to glue Mortising Generally mortises well Moulding Good moulding properties Movement in Service Medium Small Moderate dimensional stability after seasoning Medium movement in use Nailing Holds nails well Easy to nail Planing Good planing properties Resistance to Impregnation Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Permeable Moderately resistant to impregnation Fairly treatable with preservatives Response to Hand Tools Easy to machine Variable qualities Responds well to hand tools Moderate working qualities Routing & Recessing Generally good routing qualities Sanding Good sanding properties Screwing Screwing yields good results Easy to screw Turning Turns well Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Moderately easy to veneer Steam Bending Poor steam bending characteristics Painting Good results Satisfactory results Satisfactory painting properties Polishing Good results Satisfactory results Satisfactory polishing characteristics Staining Finish is generally good Satisfactory Stains satisfactorily after surface preparation Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract Varnishing Good results Satisfactory Fair varnishing properties Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Not hard Medium weight Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Dents and marrs easily There is great variability in density, strength properties, and wood characteristics such as, texture, and number and size of knots because Scots pine is distributed over a wide geographical range. I Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7000 12080 psi Density 32 lbs/ft3 Hardness 544 lbs Impact Strength 26 30 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3134 6019 psi Shearing Strength 1432 psi Stiffness 1153 1461 1000 psi Toughness 167 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 7 11 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.39 0.47 Weight 31 31 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 492 849 kg/cm2 Density 512 kg/m3 Hardness 246 kg Impact Strength 65 76 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 220 423 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 100 kg/cm2 Stiffness 81 102 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 192 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.49 0.77 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.39 0.47 Weight 496 496 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References British Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London. 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London Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1933,Preliminary Tests on Timbers investigated under the Auspices of the E.T.C.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough,, Project 22 Inv.,15 + Addendum Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1957,Timbers for Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Bulletin, No.40 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Company, Inc., Fresno, California. Little, E.L. 1980. The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York. Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783. Mitchell, A.F. 1985. Conifers. Forestry Commision Booklet No. 15. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43 Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic Publishers Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,Laboratory Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London