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Blunting Effect Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Size Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Pinus nigra Trade Name Austrian pine Family Name Pinaceae Synonyms Pinus laricio Common Names Austrian pine, Bosnian pitch pine, Corsican black pine, Corsican pine Regions of Distribution Eastern Europe, Western Europe Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, Slovenia, Spain Common Uses Boxes and crates, Concrete formwork, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Lock gates, Mine timbers, Paneling, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Turnery Heartwood Color Brown Red Purple Yellow Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Reddish brown Sapwood Color White Yellow Orange White to yellow Grain Figure Growth rings (figure) Distinct (figure) Clear growth rings (figure) Distinct figure Texture Medium Medium coarse to coarse Fine Coarse Natural Durability Perishable Non durable Moderately durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Odor Has an odor Has a taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Expect slight degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening Expect resin/gum exudation Ease of Drying Easy Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Blunting Effect Moderate Cutting Resistance Gum-Up Easy to saw Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Movement in Service Small Nailing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to nail Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting Satisfactory Poor Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Veneering Qualities No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Easy to cut Steam Bending Unsuitable Poor Painting Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Polishing Surface Preparation Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Staining Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = very soft Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Work to Maximum Load = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = low Bending strength (MOR) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6010 9341 psi Density 30 lbs/ft3 Hardness 657 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 3324 5570 psi Shearing Strength 1221 psi Stiffness 1358 1568 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 12 17 inch-lbs/in3 Weight 29 25 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 422 656 kg/cm2 Density 480 kg/m3 Hardness 298 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 233 391 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 85 kg/cm2 Stiffness 95 110 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.84 1.19 cm-kg/cm3 Weight 464 400 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38 I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43 Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA