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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Parashorea malaanonan Trade Name White seraya Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Synonyms Parashorea malaanonan, Parashorea warburgii, Shorea malaanonan, Dipterocarpus malaanonan Common Names Anyit, Apnit, Bagtikan, Baiukan, Baiukan-pula, Bakoog, Balak-bakan, Baliuisuis, Banaliuan, Bayokan, Bayukan-pula, Bayukan-puti, Binaliuan, Buayahon, Cho-chi, Dalurot, Dangiog, Danglog, Danlig, Danlig-puti, Danlog, Daun lichin, Dunlog, Gagil, Gerutu gerutu, Guijo blanco, Hapnit, Lapnisan, Lasaan, Lauaan, Lauan, Lauan item, Lauan-barik, Lauan-danlog, Lauan-pula, Lauan-puti, Light red lauan, Litok, Malaanonang, Malaanonang na pula, Malakayan, Manggasinoro, Manlokoloko, Mayapis, Meranti putih, Murut, Pendan, Philippine mahogany, Seraya putah, Takuban, Takulau, Tavoy wood, Thingadu, Tiaong, Urat mata, White lauan, White seraya, Yauaan Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Common Uses Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plain veneer, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Toothpicks, Toys, Turnery, Utility plywood, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Abundant/Secure Status within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center The population of this species is secure within its natural habitat in most areas in its range, including Brunei, Philippines, Borneo, Sabah, and Sarawak Distribution Overview The species is distributed in large quantities in Sabah and the PhilippinesParashorea is a comparatively small genus, and is represented over a wide area from Burma, Indo-China, Sumatra and the mala Penisula in the west to Borneo and the Philippines in the east. P. plicata occurs in the Philippines, and is found on practically all the Islands, except in northern Luzon. It is considered as one of the most abundant species in the islands. Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow Purple Green/grey Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale red to pink Greenish to greyish Reddish brown Straw colored Light brown Brown The heartwood turns slightly darker upon exposure and tends to darken with age Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red White to yellow Paler than heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Well defined The sapwood is usually very wide, 2.5 to 3 inches (60 to 80 mm) and is whitish in color when freshly-cut, but darkens to light gray upon drying Grain Interlocked Figure Stripe (figure) Straight Even Rippled (figure) Distinct (figure) Interlocked Striped figure Straight Rippled figure Distinct figure Texture Coarse Even or uniform Uniform Medium coarse to coarse Coarse Medium Even textured Luster Medium Lustrous Slightly lustrous Dull Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Natural Durability Non-durable Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to termites Non durable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Susceptible to termite attack Susceptible to marine borer attack Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Heartwood has negligible resistance to decay in the tropics and moderate durability in temperate regions Odor Has an odor No specific smell or taste Toxicity Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals Dermatitic effects Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 US=T10D5S/T8D4S UK=J US=T12B5/T11B3 UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Dry at a moderate speed Drying Defects Distortion Moderate twist/warp Slight surface checking Moderate surface checking Slight twist/warp Slight cupping Moderate cupping Moderate collapse and honeycombing Slight end splitting Slight collapse and honeycomb Moderate end spitting May cup during drying Drying conditions should be carefully controlled The lumber requires care during air-drying to prevent warping, checking, and staining Ease of Drying Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement Easy Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC Seasons well if properly stacked Moderate Difficult Air-dries rather well Radial - 1.6% Tangential - 4.2% Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Parashorea trees are described as very large, attaining heights of about 200 feet (60 cm), with trunk diameters of 36 to 60 inches (90 to 150 cm) above large buttresses. Philippine trees reach up to 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter. They usually develop straight and well formed boles that have merchantable lengths of about 100 feet (30 m). The timber is described as large, reaching a height of 200 feet (60 m), with a trunk diameter of 36 to 60 inches (90 to 150 cm). It develops boles that are straight, cylindrical and clear of branches for about 100 feet (30 m). Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Tyloses are abundant in the wood. Some trees may contain brittleheart but it extends less than 120 mm from the pith Blunting Effect Little Blunting effect on machining is slight Slight blunting effect on cutters Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very good results Carves well in dry condition Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Moderate to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Saws well Rather low Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good mortising properties Finishes well Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to mould Movement in Service Small Medium Holds its shape well after manufacture Dimensionally stable Dimensionally stable after seasoning Retains its shape well in use Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to nail Holds nails well Satisfactory nailing properties Good nailing characteristics Difficult to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Ease of planing is moderate Easy to plane The material is rather easy to work, but a 20 degree angle has been recommended in planing quartersawn stock since it tends to tear. Responds well to hand and machine tools Planes well, to a good finish Planes to a poor finish Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is extremely resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Slight dulling effect on cutting edges Responds well to hand tools Responds very well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Routing is easy Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Yields a smooth surface Good sanding properties Easy to sand Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to screw Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Yields fairly smooth surfaces Yields clean surfaces Slight blunting effect on cutting edges Fairly easy turning, boring, mortising and other machining operations Response to most machine tools is rated as very good Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Easy to cut Steam Bending Very poor Responds rather poorly to hand tools Poor Painting Good results Polishing Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Satisfactory results Polishes rather well after filling Staining Finish is generally good Requires surface preparation Stains well Finish is generally satisfactory Varnishing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Varnish well after filling Good results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Bending strength (MOR) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Tangential = small It compares favorably with Teak, which also has high bending strength. Some familiar species with high crushing strength parallel to grain include Hard maple, Teak, and White oak. It resists denting and marring about as well as white oak or birch. Weight = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = very soft Hardness (side grain) = medium Density = high Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Crushing strength = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is high Bending strength (MOR) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 8633 12540 psi Crushing Strength 578 843 psi Density 33 lbs/ft3 Hardness 830 lbs Impact Strength 26 26 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 4292 6726 psi Shearing Strength 1274 psi Static Bending 5192 7992 psi Stiffness 1464 1688 1000 psi Toughness 319 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 6 10 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.41 0.45 Weight 32 32 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 606 881 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 40 59 kg/cm2 Density 528 kg/m3 Hardness 376 kg Impact Strength 65 65 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 301 472 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 89 kg/cm2 Static Bending 365 561 kg/cm2 Stiffness 102 118 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 367 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.42 0.70 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.41 0.45 Weight 512 512 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Aguilar, L.,1941,Relative Durability of Untreated Philippine woods,The Philippine Journal of Forestry 4(3) pp247-56 Ashton, P.S.,1964,A manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State,O.U.P. London Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No.5 Philippines and Japan,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Cortes, R.T.,1940,Impact bending properties of twelve Philippine Dipterocarps,Philippine Journal of Forestry 3(3) pp325-43 Desch, H.E.,1948,The Cedars,Wood 13(2) pp40-3 Floresca, A.R.,1974,Shrinkage characteristics of Philippine mahogany,Foxpride Digest 3(1/2) pp85-6 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1960,Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. Consignment 964,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Timber Leaflet 13 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38 Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment France - Centre Technique du Bois,1967,Les Bois de Lauan,C.T.B. Bull. Inform. Tech. No.41 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993 I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Kynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7 Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Lomibao, B.A.,1973,Guide to the identification of the woods of Philippine Dipterocarpaceae,Foxpride Digest 2(2) pp26-34 Meijer, W., Wood, G.H.S.,1964,Dipterocarps of Sabah (North Borneo,Sabah Forest Department, Forest Record No.5 Meniado, J.A.,1974,Timbers of the Philippines Vol.I,Govt. Printing Office, Manila Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Sarawak Forest Department,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Sarawak Forestry Department Leaflet No.34 Schneider, E.E. 1916. Commercial Woods of the Philippines: Their Preparation and Uses. Bulletin No. 14. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Forestry, Manila, Philippines. Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Tamesis, F., Aguilar, L.,1953,The 'Philippine mahogany' and other Dipterocarp woods,Philippine Department of Agriculture and Natural Research Popular Bulletin,No.44 Thomas, A.V.,1935,Tests from timbers from the state of North Borneo: Tests on urat mata,(Parashorea sp.) and belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri) in a green condition.,Malayan Forester 4 pp131-5 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72 Varian, H.F., Gallardo, A.C.,1940,Notes on the susceptibility to insect attack of Philippine woods,Philippine Journal of forestry 3(3) pp347-78