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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities Weathering		Scientific Name Pachypodanthium staudtii Trade Name Aniouketi Family Name Annonaceae Common Names Aniouketi, Djirrowa-tue, Fale, Gpaladio, N'tom, Ntom, Okianga, Okyira, Pae-aduasa, Zree-chu Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire Common Uses Balusters, Barge fenders, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Harbor work, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Naval architecture, Office furniture, Packing cases, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Turnery, Vats, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Vulnerable Status within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview The species is distributed in West Africa, and is found primarily in Ghana and Liberia. Heartwood Color Brown Red Pink Green/grey Yellow Purple Black Orange Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Yellow/Brown Reddish brown Brown The wood occasionally has an olive tinge and stripes. Sapwood Color Yellow White Green/Grey Brown Same as heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Straight Closed Even Wavy Straight Wavy Texture Coarse Medium Fine Fine Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Fine to medium Even textured Luster Low Dull Lustrous Natural Durability Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Moderately durable Durable Resistant to marine borers Very durable Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to powder post beetles Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Perishable Non durable The timber is immune to attack by termites. Logs should be extracted rapidly from the forest after felling to avoid losses from splitting and attack by insects and fungi. Wood surfaces should be protected against effects of the weather if the timber is to be used in exterior applications. Weathering Good Odor Has an odor No specific smell or taste Silica Content High Kiln Schedules Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Splitting Checking Distortion Slight surface checking Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Rapidly Seasons well with little or no degrade Easy Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Trunk diameter is 24 to 36 inches (60 to 90 cm) at maturity. Comments The leaf and bark of the tree are reported to contain alkaloids Blunting Effect High to severe Slight blunting effect on cutters Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Carving Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Rather low Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Moulding Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Movement in Service Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to nail Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Responds well to hand and machine tools Planes well, to a good finish The timber works easily. It planes, turns, moulds, and mortises well Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Permeable sapwood Permeable heartwood Resistant sapwood Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Responds Poorly Easy to Work Easy to machine Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Sanding Easy to sand Screwing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Pre-boring recommended Satisfactory screwing properties Turning Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Suitable for peeling No drying degrade Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Painting Takes paint well Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly good polishing characteristics Polishing characteristics are good Varnishing Varnishes easily with little or no surface preparation Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Max. crushing strength = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = large Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = very high Hardness (side grain) = soft Hardness (side grain) = hard Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is very high Compression strength parallel to grain, or maximum crushing strength, is very high - higher than in Teak or Hard maple. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11293 17544 psi Density 45 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1657 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 6398 9839 psi Shearing Strength 1713 psi Stiffness 1701 1956 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 5 7 inch-lbs/in3 Weight 44 35 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Volumetric Shrinkage 12 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 793 1233 kg/cm2 Density 721 kg/m3 Hardness 751 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 449 691 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 120 kg/cm2 Stiffness 119 137 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.35 0.49 cm-kg/cm3 Weight 705 560 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % References Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153 Dudek, S.,1981,Lesser Known Liberian Timber Species,German Agency for Technical Cooperation Germany Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London Jane, F.W.,1954,The Structure of World Timbers - 21 Muganga Musine Pilon and Hura,Timber Technology,62(2175, pp15-17 Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159 Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5 Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23 Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7