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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Octomeles sumatrana Trade Name Binuang Family Name Datiscaceae Common Names Afu, Bada, Banosan, Banuang, Barauisan, Barobalobo, Barong, Barosing, Barousan, Benoewang, Benua, Benua motutu, Benuang, Benuang bini, Benumba, Benuwang, Bilua, Biluan, Bilus, Binoewang, Binonang, Binua, Binuang, Bunuang, Bunuang bini, Buwar, Erima, Faara, Fadda, Fote, Ilimo, Ipa, Jare, Kabal, Kajoe palaka, Kakerim, Kapu, Kijare, Kinem, Libas-blanco, Ngafi, Palaka, Para, Rima, Samak, Sanai, Senao, Tina, Usu, Walada, Wenuang, Winuang Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands Common Uses Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Form work, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hardboards, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Moldings, Office furniture, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rough construction, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stools, Structural plywood, Veneer Environmental Profile Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Status unknown due to inadequate information Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Vulnerable in the Phillipines. Its status in the wild is currently listed as unknown because of insufficient information in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sabah, Sarawak, Sumatra, and the Solomon Islands Distribution Overview The natural growth range of this species extends from Sumatra to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and northwards to the Philippines. It grows at low altitudes, and is often found in pure stands. The tree regenerate freely and is considered to be a fast-growing pioneer species. Heartwood Color Yellow Orange Black Green/grey Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale red to pink Greenish to greyish Brown Pinkish tint Pale yellow Light reddish-brown to yellowish-brown Dark brown Sapwood Color Yellow White White to yellow Same as heartwood Wide Whitish Well defined Paler than heartwood Sapwood s not always differentiable from the heartwood. Grain Interlocked Figure Stripe (figure) Other (figure) Crossed Interlocked Striped figure Other figure Other figure Figure shows rays Crossed Texture Fine Medium coarse to coarse Coarse Medium Luster Medium High Low Dull Low Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Natural Durability Non-durable Durable Perishable Moderately durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Non durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Susceptible to marine borer attack Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Heartwood highly vulnerable to attack by termites and marine borers Heartwood has very low resistance to decay Odor Unpleasent aroma associated with freshly cut material Seasoned material has no specific odor or taste Freshly sawn timber may have unpleasent odor, which fades with seasoning Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid UK=D US=T3D2/T3C1 T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US Schedule C - United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Checking Splitting Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Severe surface checking Severe end splitting Slight surface checking Moderate twist/warp Knot splitting The timber is reported to degrade severely in the zone between the heartwood-sapwood during drying Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Medium to High Shrinkage Easy Stack timber carefully to minimize degrade Moderate Difficult Air dries slowly Radial - 3.0% Shrinkage from green to 12% MC Stacks require weighting down to prevent end-splitting, twisting, and surface-checking. Tangential - 7.0% Kiln Drying Rate Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Some trees are reported to have very large buttresses that may reach 12 to 15 feet (4 to 4.5 m) above the the base Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Little Moderate High to severe Blunting effect on machining is slight Slight dulling effect on cutting tools Blunting effect on cutting edges is generally slight, but occasional white deposits may chip planer knives. Boring Fair to good results Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Carving Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Easy to saw Moderate to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy The wood saws well, but cross-cutting usually produces a poor finish. Gluing Easy to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Finishes poorly Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good finishing results Movement in Service Small Stable Seasoned timber is dimensionally stable, and retains its shape well after manufacture. Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Easy to nail Nails hold poorly Satisfactory nailing properties Holds satisfactorily Nailing properties vary, but they are generally satisfactory Planing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Ease of planing is moderate Special attention required Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane White deposits may chip planer knives, and a reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended to prevent woolly planed surfaces. Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Response to very sharp edged hand tools is good. Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Routing is easy Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Good sanding properties Good sanding finish Screwing Poor to Very Poor Results Pre-boring recommended Satisfactory screwing properties Poor results Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Poor results Turns, bores, moulds, mortises and recesses rather easily Special attention required Responds well to machine tools to produce clean bored surfaces For clean, smooth surfaces,sharp cutting edges are required Finish is generally satisfactory Veneering Qualities Easy to cut Suitable for peeling No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Good gluing qualities Steam Bending Very poor Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Satisfactory results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Finish is generally satisfactory Good staining qualities Finish is generally good Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = very small Max. crushing strength = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Weight = light Surfaces may dent or scratch easily Soft Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low The bending strength of the species in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is considered low - much lower than Teak, for example. The density is average, or medium. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5443 7793 psi Crushing Strength 294 417 psi Density 23 lbs/ft3 Hardness 347 lbs Impact Strength 14 14 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 2860 4589 psi Shearing Strength 733 psi Static Bending 2871 3793 psi Stiffness 990 1147 1000 psi Toughness 91 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 5 8 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.28 Weight 23 19 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 382 547 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 20 29 kg/cm2 Density 368 kg/m3 Hardness 157 kg Impact Strength 35 35 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 201 322 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 51 kg/cm2 Static Bending 201 266 kg/cm2 Stiffness 69 80 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 104 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.35 0.56 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.28 Weight 368 304 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11 Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. D.'Eispeissis, J.L.,1940,The chief characteristics and uses of 6 New Guinea timbers,Australian Forestry 5 pp81-4 Da Costa, E.W.B., Osborne, L.D.,1967,Comparative decay resistance of 26 New Guinea timber species in,accelerated laboratory tests,Comm. Forestry Review 46(1) pp63-74 Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Fenton, R., Et al,1977,Lowland Tropical Hardwoods - An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Species,with Plantation Potential,External Aid Div. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wellington, N.Z. Floresca, A.R., Rocafort, J.E.,1966,Shrinkage of Philippine Woods,Philippine Journal of Forestry 22(1-4) pp45-57 HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Inawat, C.L.,1972,A Study of Veneer Cutting Properties of Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana Miq,Forpride Digest 1(2/3) p61 Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Keith, H.G.,1947,The Timbers of North Borneo,Government Colony of North Borneo, North Borneo Forest Record No.3 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board Monsalud, M.R., Tamolang, F.N.,1969,General Information on Philippine hardwoods,Philippine Lumberman 15(6) pp14-38, 15(7) pp46-72 Papua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, Brisbane Papua New Guinea,1982,Papua New Guinea timbers - technical data,Forest Industries Council P.N.G. Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry Department Sarawak Forestry Department,1953,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Sarawak Forest Department Leaflet No.10 Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia Williams, E.,1958,Uses of some common imported species,Technical notes. Forestry Commission N.S.W. (Div. wood technology 11(3,pp11-12.