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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Alstonia scholaris Trade Name White cheesewood Family Name Apocynaceae Common Names Agera, Aitonga, Aitonga kengeri, Alipaoen, Alstonia mergalang, Ampalai, Andaragan, Andauyan, Angar, Basong, Bengui, Bintang, Bintihung, Bita, Blackboard tree, Boava, Bomudu, Bua, Chaile, Chalain, Chatia, Chatian, Chatiana, Chatinn, Chatiun, Chatiyan, Chatni, Chattinn, Chatwan, Chhatian, Chhatiana, Chhatim, Dakan, Dalipaoen, Devil-tree, Dirita, Dita, Ditaa, Eda-kula, Elilaippalai, Erlila palei, Ezhilam-pala, Gabus, Gabusan, Gogodu, Gogudu, Goti, Hale, Hambaga, Hambara, Hange, Jelentik, Kadusale, Kamanglit, Kasidula, Kenumau, Kenummau, Kodale, Kubita, Kunumung, Lame, Lationj, Leleko, Lete, Lettok, Lingaru, Linog, Loi, Madale, Maiyanghkao, Manakat, Mantoti, Mergalang, Milkwood, Milkwood pine, Milky, Milky pine, Mo cua, Moi, Mudhol, Mukampala, Mukampalei, Mukkam palei, New Guinea cheesewood, Pala, Palimira alstonia, Pela, Pelai, Pelaik, Pelantan, Pelawai, Pera, Polay, Pulai, Pulai bukit, Pule, Puli, Purbo, Rita, Rukattana, Sambara, Saptaparni, Satiana, Satiani, Satiun, Satni, Sattni, Satwin, Scholar-tree, Setaka, Shaitan, Shaitan wood, Suala, Susu, Susuh, Taba'a, Takno, Talanggilala, Tamba, Tangovo, Tanovo, Taungmeok, Taungsaga, Tiengped, Tongkoya, Tuturan, White cheese wood, White cheesewood, Wodrase Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Stair rails, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Sub-flooring, Tables , Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Veneer, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Rare Extinct Endangered Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Insufficient information in China, Myanmar or Burma, India, Papua New Guinea, and Queensland, Australia Distribution Overview Wide occurrence in the Asia-Pacific region from India and Sri Lanka through mainland South-East Asia and southern China, throughout Malaysia to northern Australia and the Solomon Islands. Introduced to southern USA where it is grown as an ornamental. Tolerant of a variety of soils and habitats, it can be found as a small tree growing on coral or as a canopy species in inland primary or secondary forests. Most common in lowland coastal areas with annual rainfall of 1000-3800 mm but is found in up to 1000 m in altitude. Heartwood Color White Yellow Orange Brown Red Pink White to cream Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Pinkish white Sapwood Color White Yellow Red Green/Grey Tan Brown Color not distinct from heartwood White to yellow Tan to brown in color Straw colored to grayish-white Paler than heartwood Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Grain Straight Figure Interlocked Weak (figure) Distinct (figure) Growth rings (figure) Closed Even Wavy Generally straight, but not always Interlocked Weak figure Distinct figure Clear growth rings (figure) Wavy Texture Medium Fine Coarse Fine to medium Medium Medium to coarse Fine Luster Medium Low Lustrous Low Natural Growth Defects Yellowish deposits in vessels Latex or other ducts Natural Durability Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to powder post beetles Perishable Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Resistant to termites Non-resistant to termites Moderately durable Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Vulnerable to attack by powder-post beetles Susceptible to attack by marine borers and termites Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) No natural resistance Moderately durable Easily stained Odor No specific smell or taste Toxicity Some toxic effects Unspecified toxicity Kiln Schedules Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Drying (speed) is fast Uk=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 T10 - D4S (4/4)US Schedule H; United Kingdom Drying Defects Discoloration Checking Splitting Slight surface checking Slight end splitting Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Variable Moderately Difficult to Difficult Little degrade Easy Variable results. Little degrade if dried properly Dries at a fairly rapid rate Local conditions create variabilty in drying. Timber from Myanmar (Burma) requires special attention to prevent staining, material from Southeast Asia dries rapidly and easily with little or no degrade Kiln Drying Rate Rapid Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Naturally dries quickly Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is fluted Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is misshapen Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 20-30 m Bark width is 25-30 mm Tree height is 10-20 m Certified Source Certified Source Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Starch commonly occurs throughout the cross-section of the living parenchyma, which occupies up to the center of large trunks. The wood exudes large quantities of the milky liquid and latex canals may affect the appearance of the timber Blunting Effect Little Moderate There is some significant blunting effect on cutting tools Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Sharp cutting edges are required Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Low resistance to sawing Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting edges are dulled rapidly Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Moderate gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good mortising properties Easy to mortise Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good moulding properties Good finishing results Easy to mould Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Tends to split during nailing Pre-boring recommended Easy to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to plane Sharp surfaces are required Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is permeable Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Pre-boring recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Recommend pre-boring Difficult to screw Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to turn Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Veneers easily Difficult to veneer Veneers moderately easy No drying degrade Suitable for slicing Easy to cut No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Variable veneering qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Suitable for peeling Good gluing qualities Diifficult to veneer Steam Bending Poor to Very Poor Results Unsuitable Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor Painting Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Radial = very small Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5585 8284 psi Crushing Strength 368 438 psi Density 26 lbs/ft3 Hardness 451 lbs Impact Strength 16 17 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 2898 4700 psi Shearing Strength 894 psi Static Bending 3606 6076 psi Stiffness 1092 1222 1000 psi Toughness 41 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.28 0.3 Weight 29 25 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % Volumetric Shrinkage 8 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 392 582 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 25 30 kg/cm2 Density 416 kg/m3 Hardness 204 kg Impact Strength 40 43 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 203 330 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 62 kg/cm2 Static Bending 253 427 kg/cm2 Stiffness 76 85 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 47 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.28 0.3 Weight 464 400 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % References Audas, J.W.,Native Trees of Australia,Whitcombe & Tombs PTY. 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