Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Substitutes Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Malus pumila Trade Name Apple Family Name Common Names Apple, Crab apple Regions of Distribution Eastern Europe, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Nepal, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom Common Uses Carvings, Golf club heads, Handles, Inlay work, Ornamental work , Shafts/Handles, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Turnery, Woodwork Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Southeastern Europe and central Asia. It is now a naturalized species in the United States and Canada. . Heartwood Color Red Brown Purple Reddish brown Pinkish-Grey to greyish-brown Pinkish buff Sapwood Color Pink Bright red, purplish-red, or light reddish-brown Grain Even Straight Straight Texture Fine Medium Fine Even textured Natural Durability Very durable Resistant to marine borers Durable Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to termites Resistant to powder post beetles Weathering properties are very poor Very resistant to power-post beetle Very little natural resistance Susceptible to furniture beetle Odor No specific smell or taste Fragrant scent when burned Kiln Schedules T6 - C3 (4/4) US T3 - C2 (8/4) US Drying Defects Checking Splitting Slight twist/warp Expect slight degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Slowly Dries slowly with severe degrade in uncontrolled conditions Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Substitutes Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) is similar in color. Blunting Effect High to severe Medium effect Boring Generally easy Carving Fine even texture grain is suitable for carving Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Difficult to saw Mortising Easy to mortise Moulding Good moulding properties Movement in Service Retains shape well after manufacture High Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Very Good to Excellent Results Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Generally good Sanding Generally good Screwing Pre-boring recommended Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Easy to turn Steam Bending Poor because of brittleness Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Staining Stains very well Strength Properties Heavy Hardness = medium The wood weighs about the same as an average Oak (Quercus ) when dry, but it is somewhat lighter than oak in the green condition. It is also harder than Wild pear (Pyrus ), but is less uniform Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Density 43 lbs/ft3 Specific Gravity 0.64 Weight 42 34. lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Volumetric Shrinkage 16 % Item Green Dry Metric Density 689 kg/m3 Specific Gravity 0.64 Weight 673 544. kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % References Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin. Brockman, F.C. and R. Merrilees. 1986. Trees of North America - A Guide to Field Identification. Revised Version. Herbert S. Zim, editor. Published by the Golden Press, New York. Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Laidlaw, W.B.R. 1960. Guide to British Hardwoods. Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London. Lincoln, W.A. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color - A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London. USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operator's Manual - Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.