Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Loxopterygium sagotii Trade Name Hububalli Family Name Anacardiaceae Common Names Aupar kwipari, Boeji mahonie, Boesi mahonie, Hoeboeballi, Hoobooballi, Hububalli, Koeipjarie, Kooel pialli, Kwipariye, Onotillo, Picaton, Slangenhout, Snakewood, Sneki hoedoe, Snekie hoedoe, Surinam snakewood Regions of Distribution Central America, Latin America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Cabinetmaking, Concrete formwork, Construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Millwork, Plywood, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile The conservation status of this species within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Central and South America (Guyana, Venezuela, French Guyane and Surinam) Heartwood Color Brown Red Purple Reddish brown Brown Pale brown Dark brown The wood often has dark streaks of varying width, and is flecked with oil spots Sapwood Color Different than heartwood White to yellow Grain Straight Figure Other (figure) Interlocked Even Closed Wavy Irregular Stripe (figure) Straight Other figure Interlocked Wavy Striped figure Irregular Generally straight, but not always Texture Medium Fine Coarse Medium Fine Luster Medium Low Lustrous High Natural Growth Defects Gum/resin exudation Natural Durability Durable Perishable Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to termites Resistant to powder post beetles Moderately durable Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles The heartwood has some resistance against attack by white-rot fungi, and is very resistant to brown-rot fungi attack Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Dry at a moderate speed Drying Defects Moderate surface checking Moderate twist/warp Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Slight spring/bow Slight end splitting Severe surface checking Severe end splitting No end splitting No cupping, generally Moderate end spitting Warping is slight, but the timber has a tendency to check Ease of Drying Difficult Variable results. Moderate Dries at a fairly rapid rate Drying properties are reported to vary with geographic origin of the material Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 30-40 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Gluing Difficult to glue Easy to glue Under carefully controlled conditions, the wood is reported to bond very well Planing Easy to plane Hububalli is moderately hard and heavy. It responds well to most ordinary tools and works easily to produce smooth, clean surfaces in planing and other machining operations Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is extremely resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Turning Good results Easy to turn Veneering Qualities Good gluing qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Suitable for peeling Easy to cut Bolt preparation requires steaming Polishing Good results The timber is reported to finish readily to yield a high, lustrous surface Varnishing Poor turning properties Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = medium Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = high Most strength properties of air-seasoned Hububalli timber are far inferior to those of Yellow birch (Betulus ). Its shock resistance is only about half of that of Yellow birch, and bending strength and stiffness are about 15 to 20 percent less. The timber is reported to compare more favorably with Teak (Tectona) in air-dry strength properties such as bending strength, crushing strength, stiffness, shock resistance, hardness, and shear Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 10452 15606 psi Crushing Strength 862 882 psi Density 43 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1027 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 4108 6576 psi Shearing Strength 1511 psi Static Bending 5625 9702 psi Stiffness 1740 1914 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 6 9 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.52 0.62 Weight 42 33 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 11 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 734 1097 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 60 62 kg/cm2 Density 689 kg/m3 Hardness 465 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 288 462 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 106 kg/cm2 Static Bending 395 682 kg/cm2 Stiffness 122 134 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.42 0.63 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.52 0.62 Weight 673 528 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Dickinson, F.E.,1949,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 1,Tropical Woods,13(95,pp1-140 Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Lamb, A.F.A., Wangaard, F.F.,1950,The Gluing Properties of certain Tropical American Woods,Yale Univ. School of Forestry Technical Report,4 Polak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Record, S.J.,1939,American Woods of the Family Anacardiaceae,Tropical Woods,8(60,pp11-45 Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed. Wangaard, F.F. and A.F. Muschler. 1952. Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods III, Tropical Woods, No. 98, Yale University Press, School of Forestry, New Haven, Connecticut. Wangaard, F.F., Muschler, A.F.,1952,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 3,Tropical Woods,14(98, pp1-190