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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Corrosive Properties Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Staining Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Koompassia malaccensis Trade Name Thongbueng Family Name Leguminosae Common Names Ampas, Bengaris, Berniung, Empas, Enggaris, Enggeris, Garis, Gemaris, Gembris, Gemeris, Goraci, Hampas, Impas, Inggeris, Kampas, Kayu batu, Kempas, Kempas angin, Kempas rawang, Kompas, Kumpas, Madang koran, Mengerih, Mengeris, Menggaris, Menggeris, Menggeris rawang, Menggeris talang, Menggris, Mengris, Ngeris, Ngeris abang, Njari, Nyari, Oempas, Pa, Pah, Paniasi, Sabanting, Tanggaris, Thongbeng, Thongbueng, Toealang ajam, Toemaling, Tumaling, Turturan batu, Umpas Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Common Uses Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Core Stock, Crossties, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Pallets, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Roofing, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Stools, Structural work, Sub-flooring, Tables, Tool handles, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wharf construction Environmental Profile Safe in its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Endangered in the Sarawak region. Its status is currently listed as unknown because of inadequate information in Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, Sabah, and Sumatra Distribution Overview Thailand, Indonesia (Sumatra), the Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Belitung, Borneo Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah. Found in lowland forest, peat and freshwater swamp, occurring from sea-level up to 600 m. Heartwood Color Brown Red Pink Red Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Dark brown Reddish brown Pale red to pink Brown Freshly-Cut heartwood is pink to brick red. Upon exposure, it matures into an orange-red or red-brown color, with numerous yellow lines or streaks. They are abnormal sections lacking vessels may be a source of mechanical weakness. Sapwood Color White White to yellow Well defined White Very wide Pale yellow Figure occurrence is very fine and distinct Grain Interlocked Figure Wavy Stripe (figure) Distinct (figure) Rippled (figure) Crossed Closed Spiral Interlocked Wavy Striped figure Rippled figure Distinct figure Spiral grain occasionally Occasionally wavy Texture Medium Close Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Even textured Luster Medium High Lustrous Moderately lustrous Dull Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is rare or absent. When present, it is sparse in amount Brittleheart sometimes present. Natural Durability Perishable Moderately durable Non-durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Non durable Moderately durable Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Perishable The timber is naturally resistant to decay in the temperate zones but is susceptible to termite attack in the tropics Odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Corrosive Properties Reacts with metals Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Distortion Severe end splitting Moderate end spitting Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Slight end splitting Moderate surface checking Drying defects are at a minimum in this species, but areas of abnormal tissue, which is occasionally present may cause severe splitting. Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Variable Fairly Easy Reconditioning Treatement Slowly Easy Moderate Variable results. Difficult The material dries fairly well and rapidly, but zones of abnormal tissue may cause severe splitting. Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Very slow Drying rate is slow Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Bole length is 10-20 m Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Bole length is 0-10 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm The tree matures to heights of up to 180 feet (54 m), with trunk diameters of up to 72 inches (180 cm) or more above heavy buttresses. Boles are clear to heights of 80 to 90 feet (24 to 27 m). Comments Abrasive Material Content - The wood contains abnormal veins of rock-hard tissue which may interfere with machining operations Corrosive Properties - The wood is slightly acidic and may promote corrosion in some metals under moist conditions. Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is moderate Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Blunting effect on machining is severe Blunting effect on cutting tools varies but may be severe due to hardness and fibrous texture. Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Moderately easy Difficult Easy Carving Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Sawing requires adequate power supply, but it is rated as satisfactory Mortising Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Finishes well Difficult to mortise Moulding Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Difficult moulding qualities Movement in Service Stable Medium Properly seasoned material is stable, and undergoes only minimal dimensional changes in response to changes in moisture content Nailing Possible if prebored Nails hold poorly Fair nailing characteristics Easy to nail Pre-Boring is recommended to prevent splitting when nailing close to edges. Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane The material is reported to plane to yield fairly good surfaces, but it is affected by interlocked grain and fibrous texture. A 20 degree cutting angle is recommended. Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is permeable Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Both heartwood and sapwood are reported to respond readily to preservative treatment. Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Difficult to machine The wood is difficult to work with hand tools because it is hard and tough Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Sanding Good sanding finish Sanding properties are good after grain filling Easy to sand Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Difficult to turn Turns with moderate ease Poor results Poor turning characteristics Veneering Qualities Diifficult to veneer Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Good results Requires a filler Poor results Staining Reacts with Iron to discolour wood Finish is generally good Staining properties are good after surface preparation. Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Bending strength (MOR) = medium Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Toughness- hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Toughness - hammer drop (Impact strength) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Hardness (side grain) = hard Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = small Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 12350 16773 psi Crushing Strength 892 1068 psi Density 55 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1797 lbs Impact Strength 46 56 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 7485 9834 psi Shearing Strength 1598 psi Static Bending 8310 9780 psi Stiffness 2340 2655 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 12 15 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.64 0.76 Weight 53 51 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4.5 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Volumetric Shrinkage 14 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 868 1179 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 62 75 kg/cm2 Density 881 kg/m3 Hardness 815 kg Impact Strength 116 142 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 526 691 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 112 kg/cm2 Static Bending 584 687 kg/cm2 Stiffness 164 186 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.84 1.05 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.64 0.76 Weight 849 817 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4.5 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % References Balan Menon, P.K.,1967,The structure and identification of Malayan woods,Malyasia Forestry Department, Forestry Research Institute, Malayan Forest,Records,No.25 Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1965,On nous a demandÇ - Quel est le bois nommÇ Kempas?,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.103 p58 Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Chu, Y.P.,1969,Some basic strength properties of 22 timbers from Christmas Island,Malaysian Forester 32(2) pp201-2 Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318 Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Flemmioh, C.O.,1959,Timber Utilization in Malaysia,Malayan Forest Records 13, Govt. Printer Singapore HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993 Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48 Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19 Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210 Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Maeglin, R.R., C.K. Baah, G. Troemner, J.D. Danielson, and S.P. Loehnertz. 1989. Sawing of Difficult Species: Pre-project Study. PPR 14/89 (I). Prepared for ITTO by United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board Netherlands - Kon.Inst.,1968,Research Activities 1958-61,Koninklijk Inst. Voor de Tropen Amsterdam,Dept. Ag. Res. Communication,56 Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry Department Sarawak Timber Industry Development Corporation,1981,Guide to Timber Trade in Sarawak,S.T.I.D.C. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73 Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia Thomas, A.V.,1932,Malayan timbers tested in a green condition,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.5 (reprint from Malayan Forester,9(4) 1940) Thomas, A.V.,1949,Malayan Timbers,The Malayan Forester 12 pp201-7 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Malaysia