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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Ilex aquilifolium Trade Name Christusdorn Family Name Aquifoliaceae Common Names Christusdorn, European holly, Gemeine huelsen, Holly, Huelsdorn, Jarnek Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Denmark, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom Common Uses Bearings & bushings, Billiard-cue butts, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Musical instruments, Turnery, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Questionable Extinct Endangered Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow Orange Purple White Black Green/grey White to cream Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color White Yellow Same as heartwood Grain Figure Other (figure) Other figure Texture Coarse Medium Fine Luster Medium Low Natural Durability Durable Susceptible to insect attack Very durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to termites Resistant to marine borers Moderately durable Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to marine borers Resistant to powder post beetles Perishable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Non durable Odor Has an odor Has a taste Toxicity Some toxic effects Kiln Schedules UK= C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Drying Defects Checking Splitting Distortion Moderate twist/warp Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Slowly End-Coating Reconditioning Treatement Difficult Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Tree Size Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 40-50 m Bole length is 0-10 m Tree height is 30-40 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Tree height is 50-60 m Bole length is 30-40 m Bole length is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate Little High to severe Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Surface Preparation Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Large Nailing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Pre-Boring Recommended Poor to Very Poor Results Pre-boring required Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Very Good to Excellent Results Ease of planing is moderate Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable sapwood Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to Work Responds Readily Moderate working qualities Difficult to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Easy to turn Veneering Qualities Difficult to veneer Suitable for peeling No drying degrade Suitable for slicing Steam Bending Poor to Very Poor Results Painting Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Polishing Fair to Good Results Surface Preparation Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Finish is generally good Varnishing Fair to Good Results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Density 47 lbs/ft3 Weight 46 37 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Density 753 kg/m3 Weight 737 592 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % References Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38 Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition