Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Humbertia madagascariensis Trade Name Endra-endra Family Name Common Names Endra-endra, Fantsinakoko Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Madagascar Common Uses Barge fenders, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Construction, Crossties, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Flooring, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Marine construction, Medicinal use, Mine timbers, Naval architecture, Parquet flooring, Poles, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sub-flooring, Utility poles, Wharf construction Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Madagascar Heartwood Color Yellow Red Green/grey Brown Orange Pinkish-buff Sapwood Color Red Yellow Well defined Grayish-yellow Grain Closed Wavy Generally wavy Texture Medium Very fine Luster Low Natural Durability Moderately durable Very good weathering properties Heartwood is highly resistant to termite attack Odor Unpleasant odor Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Slowly Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries at a moderate speed Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Comments Contains abrasive material which may affect machining The timber is one of the heaviest and strongest on the market, and has remarkable stiffness properties. Blunting Effect Little Severe Boring Fairly easy to very easy Abrasives in wood affect results Carving Generally poor Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Very difficult Gluing Glues well Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Hard abrasives make mortising difficult Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Difficult to mould Cutting edges dull rapidly Nailing Impossible to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Wood abrasives affect ease of planing Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is extremely resistant Response to Hand Tools Poor response Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Routing is difficult Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Difficult to sand Screwing Difficult to screw Turning Cutting edges dull rapidly Painting Good results Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 22932 psi Crushing Strength 4400 psi Density 76 lbs/ft3 Hardness 3312 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 14622 psi Shearing Strength 2391 psi Static Bending 14161 psi Stiffness 3270 1000 psi Toughness 340 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 1.18 Weight 74 61. lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1612 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 309 kg/cm2 Density 1217 kg/m3 Hardness 1502 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 1028 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 168 kg/cm2 Static Bending 995 kg/cm2 Stiffness 229 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 391 cm-kg Specific Gravity 1.18 References Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa. Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research