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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Staining Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Hopea odorata Trade Name Thingan Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Andaman thingan, Borneo yacal, Cay sao ba, Che ke, Chengal, Chengal kampong, Chengal mas, Chengal pasir, Chengal pulau, Co ky, Damar poetih, Dasal lanang, Djempina, Gagil, Jangkang, Kan ki, Kawang, Kedemoet, Ken, Khaen, Khen, Khen hua, Ko ki, Koki, Koki mosau, Koki thmar, Luis, Mai takien, Manggachapui, May ken, Merawan, Merewan, Net, Nggir, Rimda, Rinda, Safed thingan, Sanga, Sao, Sao den, Sao hoki, Sauchi, Sawkwar, So ke, Takhian, Takhian thong, Takhian tong, Takhian yai, Takhian-tong, Takian, Takien, Thingab, Thingan, Thingan byu, Thingan net, Thingan wa, Thinsingan, Thong, Tjengal, Wa, White thingan Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building, Bridge construction, Broom handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Clogs, Concrete formwork, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Decorative plywood, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Ladders , Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Piling, Planks, Plywood, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Shade rollers, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Windows Environmental Profile Endangered Abundant/Secure Extinct Rare Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Status unknown in parts of its natural habitat Secure in many areas of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Andaman Islands, Thailand, Indo-china, and the Malay Peninsula where it is also planted in villages as a shade tree. It also grows in Chittagong in East Pakistan. Heartwood Color Yellow Brown Orange White Green/grey Black Red Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Greenish to greyish Reddish brown Yellowish tan Darkens upon exposure Brown - yellowish Sapwood Color White Yellow Green/Grey Red Brown Well defined Paler than heartwood White to yellow Grain Interlocked Figure Straight Even Streaks (figure) Rippled (figure) Stripe (figure) Interlocked Straight Striped figure Rippled figure Resin canals produce white streaks Occasionally interlocked, but not always Generally straight, but not always Backsawn material is usually streaked with conspicuous lines of resin canals. Texture Medium Fine Coarse Even or uniform Fine to medium Medium Coarse Luster Medium High Lustrous Pronounced Dull Natural Growth Defects Whitish deposits in vessels Gum/resin streaks Natural Durability Susceptible to insect attack Moderately durable Non-resistant to termites Non-durable Perishable Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Durable Very durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Moderately durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Resistant to pinhole borers and termite attack Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) Odor No specific smell or taste Silica Content Siliceous Resin Content Contains resin Light-Induced Color Change Darker Toxicity Some toxic effects Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK= C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 T3 - C2 (4/4) US T3 - C1 (8/4) US Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow Drying Defects Distortion Checking Splitting Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Slight surface checking Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Rapidly Thick Stock Requires Care Slowly Controlled drying conditions will prevent rapid drying and yield best results. Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Naturally dries slowly Rapid Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Bole length is 10-20 m Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Tree height is 40-50 m Tree height is 60-70 m Bole length is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 250-300 cm Tree height is 50-60 m Sapwood width is 10-15 cm Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Bark width is 15-20 mm Bark width is 10-15 mm Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Product Sources Species in the Hopea genus are reported to produce timbers that may fall into one of two groups, referred to by the name of the best known species in that group. The two classes are the Yacals and the Mangachapuys. Timbers in the Yacal class are harder, heavier, stronger, darker (when fresh), more resistant to decay, and more cross-grained. Commercially, the Yacals are reported to include several species of Shorea and of Vatica which produce timbers that are almost identical. The Yacals are the most abundant of the very hard, strong, and durable high-class construction timbers of the Philippine Islands. Apart from timber, the tree is also a source of other non-timber products: the bark yields large amounts of tannin that is especially suitable for curing certain types of leather, the bark itself is used in medicine as an astringent, and the tree produces 'rock dammar'. Powdered resin from the tree is also used as styptic. Certified Source Certified Source Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Little Moderate Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Poor to very poor results Easy Difficult Areas of interlocked grain affect results Carving Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Generally good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Moderate to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Mortising Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Interlocked grain effects mortising Easy to mortise Moulding Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Easy to mould Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Small Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Planing Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Ease of planing is moderate Reduction of cutting angle prevents tearing in areas of irregular grain Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is extremely resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Moderate working qualities Yields a smooth, clean finish Difficult to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Routing is easy Sanding Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to sand Screwing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Veneering Qualities Difficult to veneer Veneers moderately easy Veneers easily Suitable for peeling Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Satisfactory results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Shrinkage, Radial = small Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 10040 15692 psi Density 47 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Impact Strength 33 28 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5114 8360 psi Shearing Strength 2047 psi Stiffness 1591 1829 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.6 0.63 Weight 52 46 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Volumetric Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 705 1103 kg/cm2 Density 753 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Impact Strength 83 71 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 359 587 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 143 kg/cm2 Stiffness 111 128 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.6 0.63 Weight 833 737 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % References Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses, and Suitability. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 2. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi Menon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27. Netherlands - Houtinstituut T.N.O,1964,Sao - Hopea odorata Roxb.,Houtinstituut T.N.O, Delfr. Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Sono, P.,1974,Merchantable Timbers of Thailand.,Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,,Thailand. Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, Thailand Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.