Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Hopea iriana Trade Name Heavy hopea Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Gagil, Heavy hopea, Koki, Luis, Mai takien, Manggachapui, Merawan, Thingan Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Indonesia, Papua New Guinea Common Uses Billiard-cue butts, Boat building, Broom handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Canoes, Construction, Crossties, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Handles, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders , Lifeboats, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Parquet flooring, Pile-driver cushions, Piling, Poles, Railroad ties, Shafts/Handles, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Utility poles, Wharf construction Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Heartwood Color Purple Red Brown Darkens upon exposure Dark brown Brown Sapwood Color Well defined upon exposure Same as heartwood Grain Figure Interlocked Streaks (figure) Silver tint (figure) Texture Fine Fine to medium Even textured Luster High Natural Durability Very durable Durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to termites Resistant to powder post beetles Heartwood is highly resistant to termite attack Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules T3 - C2 (4/4) US T3 - C1 (8/4) US Drying Defects Splitting Moderate twist/warp Moderate surface checking Ease of Drying Variable Dries slowly with no degrade under controled conditions Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 30-40 m Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Product Sources Species in the Hopea genus are reported to produce timbers that may fall into one of two groups, referred to by the name of the best known species in that group. The two classes are the Yacals and the Mangachapuys. Timbers in the Yacal class are harder, heavier, stronger, darker (when fresh), more resistant to decay, and more cross-grained. Commercially, the Yacals are reported to include several species of Shorea and of Vatica which produce timbers that are almost identical. The Yacals are the most abundant of the very hard, strong, and durable high-class construction timbers of the Philippine Islands. Boring Good results Carving Good results Easy to carve Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Difficult to saw Gluing Glues well Mortising Good mortising properties Moulding Good finishing results Movement in Service Small Seasoned wood is stable Nailing Pre-boring required Planing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Resistance to Impregnation Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to Work Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Routing is easy Sanding Good sanding qualities Turning Good results Easy to turn Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 16856 24010 psi Crushing Strength 2259 2019 psi Density 61 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2249 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 9996 13426 psi Shearing Strength 2386 psi Static Bending 12936 16072 psi Stiffness 3126 3440 1000 psi Toughness 238 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.74 0.8 Weight 60 49. lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Volumetric Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1185 1688 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 158 141 kg/cm2 Density 977 kg/m3 Hardness 1020 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 702 943 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 167 kg/cm2 Static Bending 909 1130 kg/cm2 Stiffness 219 241 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 274 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.74 0.8 Weight 961 785. kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % References Bolza, E., Kloot, N. H. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Center for Scientific and Industrial Organization (CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1