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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Staining Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Goupia glabra Trade Name Kopie Family Name Celastraceae Common Names Cabacalli, Caballi, Capricornia, Chaquiro, Congrio blanco, Copi, Copie, Couepi, Coupi, Cupiuba, Cupiuva, Goupi, Goupi glabra, Goupie, Goupil, Kabiuk, Kaboekalli, Kabukaii, Kabukalli, Kapie, Keopi, Koepie, Kopi, Kopie, Kopiye, Kupiye, Paraguero, Piaunde, Pilon, Saino, Sapino, Stinkwood, Tento, Waramai, Zahino Regions of Distribution Central America, Latin America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Common Uses Agricultural implements, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Construction, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Paneling, Piling, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Roofing, Rustic furniture, Stools, Sub-flooring, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Vulnerable Extinct Abundant/Secure Endangered Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Uplands of the lower Amazon, the Guianas, and the Serrania de San Lucas, Carare-Opon, Rio Cauca Valley, and other regions of Colombia. Also in Surinam and Brazil. Heartwood Color Brown Red Pink Reddish brown Red Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Purple Pale brown Orange brown Darkens upon exposure Black The heartwood is described as light reddish-brown or brown beige to orange brown and darkens slightly upon exposure. Sapwood Color Brown White to yellow Pinkish Different than heartwood Well defined Paler than heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Brownish Grain Figure Straight Other (figure) Interlocked Even Growth rings (figure) Straight Other figure Interlocked Clear growth rings (figure) Texture Medium Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Medium Fine to medium Luster Low Lustrous Slightly lustrous Dull Natural Durability Durable Resistant to termites Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Moderately durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Very durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack by marine borers Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from marine borers Resistant to attack by termites Resistant to attack by dry wood insects Resistant to attack by brown-rot and white-rot fungi Little natural resistance Odor Has an odor Has a taste No specific smell or taste when dry May have a strong unpleasent smell when green The wood has a fetid odor when green. The dry wood has no discernible odor and is tasteless Silica Content Siliceous Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules T7 - B3 (4/4) US/T7 - B3 (4/4) US Drying Defects Distortion Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Warping can be expected Slight spring/bow Slight end splitting No cupping, generally Moderate twist/warp Moderate surface checking Distortion (twist/warp) is likely Checking Case hardening Ease of Drying Slowly Fairly Easy Little degrade Requires slow to moderate drying schedule. Requires care Difficult to air dry Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 30-40 m Product Sources The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber. The timber is exported at a low rate. Certified Source Certified Source Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good The timber is highly favored as an all purpose wood in the Guianas. It is reported to compare favorably with oak, except in shock resistance, splitting, compression, and cleavage. Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is moderate Cuting edges are dulled moderately Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Poor to very poor results Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to carve Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to glue Fair gluing properties Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Difficult to mould Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Large Nailing Easy to nail Poor nailing properties Holds nails well Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Difficult to plane Planes to a poor finish Special attention suggested for best results Easy to plane Material containing interlocked grain is generally difficult to plane. A cutting angle of 15 degrees is recommended. Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is very resistant Heartwood is extremely resistant Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to Work Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Difficult to machine Variable qualities Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Routing is easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Interlocked grain stock is difficult to sand Screwing Difficult to screw Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Easy to turn The material can be turned easily but there is usually a large amount of dust. Veneering Qualities Suitable for slicing No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Good gluing qualities Easy to cut Painting Surface preparation required Satisfactory results Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory results Good results Staining Finish is generally satisfactory Fair staining properties Varnishing Satisfactory Good results Strength Properties Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = hard Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Max. crushing strength = medium Shrinkage, Radial = large Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = very high Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to the grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Max. crushing strength = very high Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = small Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 12787 18323 psi Crushing Strength 1310 2063 psi Density 52 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2004 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 6663 9555 psi Shearing Strength 2081 psi Stiffness 1922 2267 1000 psi Toughness 129 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.65 Weight 50 41 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 13 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 899 1288 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 92 145 kg/cm2 Density 833 kg/m3 Hardness 909 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 468 671 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 146 kg/cm2 Stiffness 135 159 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 148 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.65 Weight 801 657 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais Guyana Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Brazier, J.D.,1975,Properties and uses of Brazilian woods,Journal of the Institute of Wood Science,7(2,pp50-57 Brazil -, I.B.D.F.,1980,Woods from Tucurui - characteristics and application,The Ag. Ministry Brazilian Institute for Forest Development Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Ducke, A.,1943,The Most Important Woods of the Amazon Valley,Tropical Woods,12(74,pp1-15 Edmondson, C.H.,1949,Reaction of Woods from S.America and Caribbean areas to Marine Borers in,Hawaiian Waters,Caribbean Foresters,10(1,PP37-41 Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Falla Ramirez, A.,1971,Resultados de Estudios Fisico-Mechanicos de Algunas Maderas de la Serrania,de San Lucas. (Some timbers of the San Lucas mountain range.,Plegable Divulgativo, Div. Forestal, Inderena Colombia,pp6 Falla Ramirez, A.,1971,Resultados de los estudios Fisico-Mecanicos de 41 especies Maderables de,la,region Carare-Opon. (Results of studies of the physical and mechanical,properties of 41 timber species of the Carare-Opon region.,Inst. de Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables. Div. For.,Pleagble Divulgativo, Inderena Colombia,pp6 Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT France - C.T.F.T.,Goupi - Goupia glabra,C.T.F.T. Information Techniques No. 287 France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France Guyana Forestry Department,1951,British Guiana Timbers - Kabukalli (Goupia glabra,British Guiana Forestry Department Leaflet 8 HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207 Loureiro, A.A., Freitas da Silva, M.,1968,Catalogo das Madeiras da Amazonia (2 vols,Min. do Ultramar Belem Brasil Mainieri, C.,1978,Fichas de Caracteristicas das Madeiras Brasileiras,Inst. Pesquisas Technologicas Martin-Lavigne, E.,1909,Recherches sur les Bois de la Guyane,Vigot Freres Paris Morton, J.F.,1965,Can the Red Mangrove Provide Food Feed and Fertilizer?,Economic Botany, 19(2,pp113-23 Polak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press Record, S.J.,1938,The American Woods of the Orders Celastrales, Olacales and Santalales,Tropical Woods,7(53,pp11-38 Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23 Slooten, H.J. van der,1970,Evaluation Study of eighteen Wood Species from Guyana for Veneer and,Plywood Manufacture,Forest Industries Development Survey FAO Report SF/GUY9 Tech. Report,No.13,U.N.D.P. Surinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest Service Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Teixeira, D. E., M. A. E. Santana and M. Rabelo de Souza. 1988. Amazonian Timbers for the International Market. ITTO Technical Series 1. Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development, Brazil. Villamil, F.G.,1971,Maderas Colombianas,Proexpo Colombia Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed. Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187 Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series