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Blunting Effect Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Natural Durability Numerical Data References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size		Scientific Name Eschweilera subglandulosa Trade Name Akakarie Family Name Lecythidaceae Synonyms Lecythis laevifolia, Lecythis subglandulosa Common Names Akakarie, Aquatapana, Baakalaka, Barklak, Barkraki, Black kakaralli, Black karalli, Guatecare, Kakaralli, Kakaralli wadilikoro, Kwaterie, Kwattere, Majaguillo, Manbarklak, Manbarkraki, Mekoekoeware, Mutunata, Tamoenin kwatere, Tapirin kwatere, Tapoeloe kwaterli, Tekarajan kwatere, Toepoeroe kwatere, Toledo wood, Totioto, Wadilie kakaralie, Wadodorie, Wadoedoeli, Watercare Regions of Distribution Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago Common Uses Boat building (general), Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Piling, Posts, Railroad ties Heartwood Color Red Pink Brown Greenish to greyish Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Red Pale red to pink Pale brown Dark brown Black Sapwood Color White to yellow Well defined Different than heartwood Grain Straight Figure Even Other (figure) Straight Other figure Texture Coarse Medium Fine Medium Fine to medium Luster Slightly lustrous Lustrous Natural Durability Very durable Resistant to termites Durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to marine borers Resistant to attack from marine borers Durable Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Resistant to wood staining fungal attack Silica Content Severe Moderate silica contact Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Dry at a moderate speed Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Slight surface checking Slight twist/warp Slight end splitting No end splitting should be expected No cupping, generally Drying degrade due to spring and bow tends to be slight Ease of Drying Moderate Difficult Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is fluted Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is severe Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Difficult to glue Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is highly resistant Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to Work Difficult to machine Easy to machine Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Hardness (side grain) = very hard Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 18107 25966 psi Density 53 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2940 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 6899 9945 psi Shearing Strength 2479 psi Stiffness 2486 2896 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 17 21 inch-lbs/in3 Weight 52 50 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1273 1825 kg/cm2 Density 849 kg/m3 Hardness 1333 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 485 699 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 174 kg/cm2 Stiffness 174 203 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 1.19 1.47 cm-kg/cm3 Weight 833 801 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Amos, G.L.,1951,Some siliceous timbers of British Guiana,Caribbean Forester (3; 4) 133-7, 139-40. Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119 Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 Gerry, E. and Kryn, J.M.,1954,Manbarklak Eschweilera longipes (Poit.) Miers, Eschweilera subglandulosa,(Steud.) Miers.,Foreign Woods Information Leaflet, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest,Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Longwood, F.R.,1961,Puerto Rican Woods - Their Machining Seasoning and Related Characteristics,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.205 Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207 Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain Trinidad Marshall, R.C.,1939,Silviculture of the trees of Trinidad and Tobago - British West Indies,O.U.P.,London Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed. Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187