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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Corrosive Properties Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Dryobalanops aromatica Trade Name Kapur Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Synonyms Dipterocarpus dryobalanops, Dipterocarpus teres, Dryobalanops camphora, Dryobalanops junghuhnii, Dryobalanops vriesii Common Names Anggi, Baros camphor, Borneo camphor wood, Borneo camphorwood, Borneo kamferholz, Borneo teak, Camphrier de Borneo, Haburuan, Hajoe hapoer, Hapur, Indonesian kapur, Jahalan, Kajoe kapoer, Kamgerhout, Kapoer, Kapor, Kapur, Kapur baros, Kapur barus, Kapur biasa, Kapur bukit, Kapur peringgi, Kapur peringi, Kapur ranggi, Kapur singkal, Keladan, Mahoborn teak, Malayan kapur, Singkel kamferhout, Sumatraans kamferboom, Telajin, Tengmang Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Common Uses Agricultural implements, Bearings & bushings, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Coffins, Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Door, Exterior uses, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Railroad ties, Roofing, Shingles, Structural work, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction Environmental Profile Vulnerable Status unknown due to inadequate information Status has not been officially assessed Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Malaysia to Borneo, including the island of Sumatra. Heartwood Color Yellow White Reddish brown Red Greenish to greyish Dark brown Kapur is often confused with Keruing (from the Dipterocarpus genus), but the latter is much more resinous and has been known to exude resin even after it has been dried and worked. Sapwood Color Yellow White White to yellow Well defined Pinkish Different than heartwood Yellowish brown Narrow Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Grain Interlocked Straight Figure Even Rippled (figure) Distinct (figure) Weak (figure) Interlocked Straight Rippled figure Weak figure Straight to shallowly interlocked Fine resin ducts are present Distinct figure Texture Fine Medium coarse to coarse Coarse Even textured The texture is slightly finer than that of a typical Lauan, but pore arrangement and figure are very similar in the two species Luster Dull Pronounced Kapur is more lustrous than the softer Lauans Natural Durability Durable Moderately durable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Very durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Durable Very good weathering qualities Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Heartwood has high natural resistance to attack by fungi Odor Has an odor Camphor like odor associated with freshly cut wood The scent is not as permanent as in true Camphorwood. Silica Content Moderate silica contact Resin Content Has resin ducts but typically no resin exudation Corrosive Properties Reacts with metals Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Drying Defects Slight surface checking Slight end splitting Slight twist/warp Slight cupping Moderate surface checking There is a slight tendency to cup and twist since the wood is dense and somewhat resinous. Ease of Drying Reconditioning Treatement Little degrade Easy High tangential to radial shrinkage ratio generally results in high drying stresses Dries slowly with little degrade Kiln Drying Rate Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size This large tree is reported to reach maximum heights of 250 feet (76 m), with trunk diameters normally between 4 and 6 feet (1.2 and 1.8), although 10 feet (3 m) diameters have been recorded. Clear, straight, and cylindrical boles are reported to measure about 100 feet (30 m) between the buttress and lowest branches. Product Sources Supplies in the form of wide, clear boards are reported to be plentiful at the moment. The material bes comparable to the Lauans in price, but it is more difficult to locate on the US market. Although the wood is sometimes referred to as Borneo camphorwood, it is not related to the true Camphorwood. Kapur timber imported from Malaysia is somewhat heavier than supplies from Borneo. Apart from timber, Kapur trees are also reported to yield Borneo camphor. The material is found as deposits in inter-cellular spaces or pockets along with oleo-resin and appears as clear or light yellow crystals. Camphor from Kapur is crystalline in the natural state and is rare and more expensive than those obtained after wounding the tree. Borneo camphor has been used in the past to preserve the bodies of dead high dignitaries. Essential oils such as dipentene, camphene, borneol are also isolated from the resin or oil produced by Kapur trees. The bark of the tree is removed in large sizes and used for walls, roofs, floors, beds, and occasionally for making baskets. \ Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is variable Blunting effect on machining is slight Medium dulling effect on cutting edges Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Blunting effect on cutting tools is generally moderate, but can be severe in material containing interlocked grain. Boring Fairly easy to very easy Easy Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with green wood is variable Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Corrosive and Staining Properties Kapur is reported to contain silica at levels that are high enough to dull cutters in machining operations. Silica content of 0.12 to 0.91% of ovendry weight has been reported. Saws are reported to gum slightly during sawing operations. There is a tendency for the material to break out at the bottom of cuts in cross-cutting and narrow band sawing. Silica Content Yellow compound in sapwood may stain fabrics under damp conditions. The wood is acidic and may corrode some metals, and the wood is liable to stain in contact with iron and iron compounds under moist conditions. Gluing Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good finishing results Movement in Service Medium Nailing Easy to nail Satisfactory nailing properties Holds nails well Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to plane Planes to a satisfactory finish Planes to a poor finish Good planing properties Responds to most machine tools readily in most operations. Its working properties are, however, inferior to those of Camphorwood, since it is harder and less stable Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is extremely resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to machine Difficult to machine Moderate working qualities Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Easy to screw Screwing yields good results Satisfactory screwing properties Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to turn Finish is generally satisfactory Veneering Qualities Can sometimes be sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling Plywood bonded with phenolic adhesives are reported to perform poorly in external applications. Steam Bending Very poor Resin exudation is common during steaming Poor Moderate Polishing Satisfactory results Good results Poor results Staining Reacts with Iron to discolour wood Finish is generally satisfactory Fair staining properties Strength Properties Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = high Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Radial = small Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Hardness (side grain) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft The density of Kapur varies between those of Sugar maple and the Hickories. The timber is very similar to Teak (Tectona grandis ) in strength properties, except that it is slightly more elastic. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 10825 15671 psi Crushing Strength 598 784 psi Density 48 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1245 lbs Impact Strength 27 35 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 6890 9544 psi Shearing Strength 1631 psi Static Bending 7585 9202 psi Stiffness 2260 2627 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 11 16 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.61 0.67 Weight 50 47 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 761 1101 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 42 55 kg/cm2 Density 769 kg/m3 Hardness 564 kg Impact Strength 68 88 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 484 671 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 114 kg/cm2 Static Bending 533 646 kg/cm2 Stiffness 158 184 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.77 1.12 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.61 0.67 Weight 801 753 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Arno, J. 1991. Dryobalanops aromatica - Kapur. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 145-146. Ashton, P.S.,1964,A manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State,O.U.P. London Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Burgess, H.J.,1956,The timbers of Keledang and Terap,Malayan Forester 19(1) pp36-40 Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Flemmioh, C.O.,1959,Timber Utilization in Malaysia,Malayan Forest Records 13, Govt. Printer Singapore Foxworthy, F.W. 1921. Commercial Woods of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Records, No. 1. Malayan Science Bulletin, Malaya. Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48 Keith, H.G.,1947,The Timbers of North Borneo,Government Colony of North Borneo, North Borneo Forest Record No.3 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210 Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-Indonesia Meijer, W., Wood, G.H.S.,1964,Dipterocarps of Sabah (North Borneo,Sabah Forest Department, Forest Record No.5 Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry Department Sarawak Timber Industry Development Corporation,1981,Guide to Timber Trade in Sarawak,S.T.I.D.C. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73 Thomas, A.V.,1933,Tests of the resistance to marine borer attack of some Malayan timbers,untreated and treated with preservatives,Malayan Forester 3 pp179-82 Thomas, A.V.,1934,Results of mechanical and physical tests on fully air dried timbers,Malayan Forester 3 pp15-17 Thomas, A.V.,1949,Malayan Timbers,The Malayan Forester 12 pp201-7 Tropical Timber Information Centre (U.S.A.,1975,Dryobalanops sp. (Dipterocarpaceae,State University, New York,T.T.I.C. Brief no. 24 Walker, F.S.,1941,Resistance of Timbers to Marine Borer Attack,Malayan Forester 10(4) pp145-9 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Wong Choong Ngok, Burgess, H.J.,1960,A comparison of linear shrinkage data obtained by different methods,Malaysia Forest Research Institute, Forestry Department Research Pamphlet,29