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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Dipterocarpus warburgii Trade Name Apitong Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Angu, Apitong, Bebe, Borneo keruing, Dau, Eng, Hagakhak, Heng, Huevos de gato, In, Keruing, Lagan, Lagunero, Mututi, Nogal falso, Palo de pollo, Pau sangua, Sangre, Sangre de drago, Sangrillo, Yang, Yaya sangre Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Philippines Common Uses Beams, Boat building, Building construction, Cabin construction, Canoes, Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Crossties, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joists, Lifeboats, Light construction, Pallets, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood, Porch columns, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shipbuilding, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Utility plywood, Veneer Environmental Profile Status unknown due to inadequate information Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Widely distributed in the Philipiines where the dry season is mild, as well as in Borneo. It occurs in forested regions, in flood plains of large and small streams, and also on low hills, up to 1000 feet (305 m) in elevation. Heartwood Color Brown Black Yellow Orange Green/grey Reddish brown Pinkish tint Pinkish brown Orangish to pinkish Darkens after prolonged exposure Dark brown Color varies considerably Sapwood Color Yellow Green/Grey Pink Wide Grey Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Buff Grain Even Straight Interlocked Straight to shallowly interlocked Texture Medium Even or uniform Uniform Moderately coarse Luster High Medium Non-lustrous Dull Natural Durability Durable Resistant to termites Non-resistant to marine borers Susceptible to termite attack Susceptible to attack by marine borers Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Moderate resistance Heartwood resistance to decay varies by species Despite high silica content in some species, resistance to marine borers is low Odor Strong resinous smell associated with freshly cut wood No specific taste Toxicity Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals Kiln Schedules T3 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US Schedule D - United Kingdom Drying Defects Distortion Checking Warping can be expected Drying at high temperatures may cause resin exudation Collapse Checking Ease of Drying Thick Stock Requires Care Fairly Easy Little degrade High shrinkage is common Difficult to season, especially thick or quartered stock Radial - 2.5 to 5.5% Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC Tangential - 7.5 to 11.5% Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Product Sources The wood of all species in the genus is almost identical in structure. Differences in weight, hardness, and color are no greater than those found within individuals of the same species growing in different areas. They are usually mixed and marketed together under the trade name of Apitong (from the Philippines) or Keruing (from Malaysia). Timber produced from Malaysia species are the most variable in properties. Some non-timber products include a somewhat viscous, liquid oleo-resin which is produced by some species in the genus. The resin is known as Minyak keruing in Malaysia and is used locally for caulking boats and for medicinal purposes. Pieces of rotten wood, well soaked in the resin are used as fire-lighters or torches. Comments Resin and Silica Content The timbers contain resin which tends to seep on to surfaces of material dried at high temperatures. Dipterocarpus timbers also contain varying levels of silica, generally less than 0.5% of ovendry weight. Silica levels above 0.05% are generally believed to affect some wood properties Blunting Effect Moderate Fairly severe blunting effect on cutters Dulling effect on cutting edges varies with silica content Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Saw teeth blunted rapidly and severely by some stock Satisfactory sawing properties Tungsten carbide-tipped saws are recommended for seasoned material Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly difficult to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Large The timbers are reported to exhibit high shrinkage during drying, and are capable of rather large movement after manufacture Nailing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Straight grained and easy to work in most machining operations Special attention required Resin may clog equipment Timber with interlocked grain requires a reduced angle of 20 degrees in planing operations for best results. Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Good sanding properties Extra care required for stock with high amounts of resin Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good turning and woodworking, especially when green Turning and most other woodworking properties are rated as good in Dipterocarpus timbers, especially straight-grained material in the green condition Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Steaming accompanied by severe resin exudation Poor Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Resin exudation impacts polishing/finishing Difficult to polish because of high resin content Staining Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 8426 14050 psi Crushing Strength 515 782 psi Density 46 lbs/ft3 Hardness 775 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 4224 7436 psi Shearing Strength 1346 psi Static Bending 5255 9325 psi Stiffness 1673 2070 1000 psi Toughness 287 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.48 0.53 Weight 45 37. lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 592 987 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 36 54 kg/cm2 Density 737 kg/m3 Hardness 351 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 296 522 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 94 kg/cm2 Static Bending 369 655 kg/cm2 Stiffness 117 145 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 330 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.48 0.53 References Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H. Tamesis, F. and L. Aquilar. 1953. The Philippine Mahogany and Other Dipterocarp Woods. Popular Bulletin No. 44. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Republic of the Philippines, Manila.