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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Staining Steam Bending Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Size Turning Varnishing		Scientific Name Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Trade Name Andaman gurjun Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Andaman gurjun, Apitong, Bagac, Bebe, Dau, Eng, Heng, Huevos de gato, Indian gurjun, Keruing, Lagan, Lagunero, Mututi, Nogal falso, Palo de pollo, Pau sangua, Philippine gurjun, Sangre, Sangre de drago, Sangrillo, Yang Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam Common Uses Beams, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Building construction, Cabin construction, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Piling, Poles, Vehicle parts Environmental Profile Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Generally secure within its natural habitat Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within parts of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Vulnerable in Thailand,Sabah, Sumatra and the Andaman Islands in India. Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare in Vietnam Distribution Overview Dominanat in primary forests; occupies the drier ridges in the lower hill dipterocarp forest. Endemic to the Philippines in Mindoro, Luzon, Palawan, Sibuyan, Biliran, Samar, Panay, Negros and Mindanao. It is one of the most widely distributed and abundant woods in the islands. Also in Indonesia, Sumatra and Java. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Black Green/grey Reddish brown Pinkish tint Pinkish brown Pink Orangish to pinkish Darkens with age Dark brown Color varies considerably Sapwood Color Yellow Green/Grey Pink Wide Grey Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Buff Grain Even Straight Interlocked Straight to shallowly interlocked Texture Medium Coarse Moderately coarse Luster High Medium Non-lustrous Dull Natural Durability Moderately durable Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Susceptible to termite attack Susceptible to attack by marine borers Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Resistant to decay Heartwood durability varies by species Despite high silica content in some species, resistance to marine borers is low Odor Strong resinous smell associated with freshly cut wood No specific taste Silica Content Likely to have significant impact on machining Contains silica Some Dipterocarpus timbers contain silica, which causes severe and rapid blunting of cutting edges in machining operations. Amount of silica is generally less than 0.5% (of ovendry weight). A silica level of 0.05% is usually considered to be high enough to affect the machining properties of wood Resin Content Resin may interfere with machining properties Contains resin Toxicity Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals Kiln Schedules T3 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US Schedule D - United Kingdom Drying Defects Distortion Warping can be expected Drying at high temperatures may cause resin exudation Collapse Checking Ease of Drying Slowly Moderately Difficult to Difficult Thick Stock Requires Care Little degrade High shrinkage is common Difficult to kiln dry, especially thick or quartered stock Air-dries rather well Radial - 2.5 to 5.5% Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC Tangential - 7.5 to 11.5% Tree Size Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm The trees are often large to very large, with clear and well-formed boles that are highly suitable for timber Product Sources Various species in the genus are usually mixed and marketed together. Timbers from Malaysia are highly variable in properties. Blunting Effect Little Fairly severe blunting effect on cutters Dulling effect on cutting edge depends upon silica content Boring Fairly easy to very easy Very good to excellent results Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Saw teeth blunted rapidly and severely by some stock Satisfactory sawing properties Tungsten carbide-tipped saws are recommended for seasoned material Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Fairly difficult to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Significant movement Ratio of tangential to radial shrinkage is very high (2.9), and the timber exhibits considerable movement after manufacture Nailing Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Straight grained and easy to work in most machining operations Special attention required Resin may clog equipment Timber with interlocked grain requires a reduced angle of 20 degrees in planing operations for best results Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Good sanding properties Extra care required for stock with high amounts of resin Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Wood may chip and break off on fine edges Poor turning characteristics Most woodworking properties are generally good, but Dipterocarpus timbers are reported to respond poorly to turning since they tend to chip and break off on fine edges Steam Bending Steaming accompanied by severe resin exudation Poor Painting High resin exudation makes painting/finishing difficult Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Difficult to polish because of high resin content Staining Resin exudation interferes with most surface finishing treatments Varnishing Resin exudation affects varnishing qualities Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9372 18259 psi Crushing Strength 699 1223 psi Density 44 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1631 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 4505 9528 psi Shearing Strength 1837 psi Static Bending 5324 11213 psi Stiffness 1912 2631 1000 psi Toughness 369 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.6 0.68 Weight 44 36. lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 658 1283 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 49 85 kg/cm2 Density 705 kg/m3 Hardness 739 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 316 669 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 129 kg/cm2 Static Bending 374 788 kg/cm2 Stiffness 134 184 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 425 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.6 0.68 References Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.