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Blunting Effect Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Steam Bending Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Dipterocarpus caudiferus Trade Name Keruing Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Angu, Apitong, Bebe, Dau, Eng, Gurjun, Heng, Huevos de gato, In, Keruing, Lagan, Lagunero, Mututi, Nogal falso, Palo de pollo, Pau sangua, Sangre, Sangre de drago, Sangrillo, Yang, Yaya sangre Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Malaysia Common Uses Beams, Boat building, Building construction, Cabin construction, Canoes, Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Crossties, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joists, Lifeboats, Light construction, Pallets, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood, Porch columns, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shipbuilding, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Utility plywood, Veneer Environmental Profile Status unknown due to inadequate information Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak). A very large tree found in mixed dipterocarp forests on undulating land and hillsides. It is an important source of keruing timber. Heartwood Color Yellow Brown Orange Green/grey Reddish brown Pinkish tint Pink Orangish to pinkish Darkens with age Dark brown Color varies considerably Sapwood Color Wide Grey Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Buff Grain Even Straight Interlocked Straight to shallowly interlocked Texture Fine Moderately coarse Luster Non-lustrous Dull Natural Durability Resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Perishable Susceptible to termite attack Susceptible to attack by marine borers Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Moderate resistance Heartwood resistance to decay varies by species Despite high silica content in some species, resistance to marine borers is low Odor Strong resinous smell associated with freshly cut wood No specific taste Silica Content Likely to have significant impact on machining Contains silica Some Dipterocarpus timbers contain silica, which causes severe and rapid blunting of cutting edges in machining operations. Amount of silica is generally less than 0.5% (of ovendry weight). A silica level of 0.05% is usually considered to be high enough to affect the machining properties of wood Resin Content Discharges resin on to surfaces when dried at high temperatures Contains resin Toxicity Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals Kiln Schedules T3 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US Schedule D - United Kingdom Drying Defects Collapse Distortion Internal Honeycombing Possible Warping can be expected Drying at high temperatures may cause resin exudation Collapse Checking Ease of Drying High shrinkage is common Difficult to season, especially thick or quartered stock Radial - 2.5 to 5.5% Shrinkage from green to 12% MC Tangential - 7.5 to 11.5% Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree has merchantable lengths of about 70 feet (21 m) Blunting Effect Fairly severe blunting effect on cutters Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Saw teeth blunted rapidly and severely by some stock Satisfactory sawing properties Tungsten carbide-tipped saws are recommended for seasoned material Gluing Fairly difficult to glue Movement in Service Large The timbers are reported to exhibit high shrinkage during drying and rather large movement in use Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Straight grained and easy to work in most machining operations Special attention required Resin may clog equipment Timber with interlocked grain requires a reduced angle of 20 degrees in planing operations for best results Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Permeable heartwood Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Good sanding properties Extra care required for stock with high amounts of resin Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Wood containing silica may severely blunt cutting edges Good turning and woodworking, especially when green Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Steam Bending Steaming accompanied by severe resin exudation Poor Polishing Resin exudation impacts polishing/finishing Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9496 14803 psi Density 46 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1009 lbs Impact Strength 26 37 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 4827 8128 psi Shearing Strength 1735 psi Stiffness 1859 1980 1000 psi Toughness 235 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 12 20 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.57 Weight 45 37. lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 667 1040 kg/cm2 Density 737 kg/m3 Hardness 457 kg Impact Strength 65 93 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 339 571 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 121 kg/cm2 Stiffness 130 139 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 270 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.84 1.40 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.57 References Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1