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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Diospyros ferrea Trade Name Ata-ata Family Name Ebenaceae Synonyms Ehretia ferrea, Ferriola buxifolia, Maba buxifolia Common Names Ata-ata, Balatinao, Bantolinao, Batulinau, Bibis, Black ebony, Ebano, Ebony, Irumpalei, Irunbali, Kamaho, Karianthovarai, Kathuthovarai, Kaya arang, Kayu arang, Keloran, Ki merak, Kihagilo, Layong, Mariathovarai, Merakan, Mobohagio, Palatinao, Pasiniki, Poeloet, Rangkemi, Riboe-riboe, Sachinit laut, Secherek laut, Tagintin, Ugao, Uti, Yerruti Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Vanuatu Common Uses Billiard-cue butts, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Furniture, Golf club heads, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Ladders, Light construction, Mathematical instruments, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: strings, Plywood, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative Heartwood Color Black Black Brown Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color Yellow White White to yellow Well defined Grain Straight Even Interlocked Figure Stripe (figure) Straight Striped figure Interlocked Texture Fine Medium Fine Luster Lustrous Natural Growth Defects Yellowish deposits in vessels Natural Durability Very durable Durable Resistant to termites Durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Non durable Moderately durable Very durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Toxicity Dermatitic effects Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Checking Moderate twist/warp Severe surface checking Moderate surface checking Moderate cupping Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Difficult Tree Identification Bole/stem form is misshapen Bole/stem form is fluted Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect High to severe Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Carving Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Mortising Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Moulding Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Difficult to nail Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Difficult to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Screwing Pre-boring recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to turn Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Strength Properties Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu.ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = >75 lbs/cu. ft Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9310 14566 psi Density 50 lbs/ft3 Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6397 psi Shearing Strength 1560 psi Stiffness 1358 1568 1000 psi Weight 49 49 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 654 1024 kg/cm2 Density 801 kg/m3 Maximum Crushing Strength 275 449 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 109 kg/cm2 Stiffness 95 110 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 785 785 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3 Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Grant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Department Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Ng, F.S.P.,1978,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 3,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Purkayastha, S.K.,1982,Indian woods: Their identifications, properties and uses, Vol. IV,Myrlacene to Symploceae,Controller of Publications, New Delhi Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7