Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Dichopsis elliptica Trade Name Nyatoh Family Name Common Names Illupei, Ippa, Ippi, Kat illupei, Kei pala, Nyatoh, Pali, Palimaran, Palla, Palvadindan, Panchonta, Panchoti, Panchotipala Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines Common Uses Beams, Blinds, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Cabin construction, Concrete formwork, Construction, Decorative plywood, Factory construction, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joists, Light construction, Millwork, Packing cases, Planks, Plywood, Porch columns, Rough construction, Shutters, Sills, Structural work, Studs, Warehouse construction, Windows Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview outheast Asia to the Philippines. It grows from Sumatra, throughout the Malay Peninsula to Borneo. Heartwood Color Brown White Purple Red Reddish brown Pale red to pink Sapwood Color Brown White White to yellow Color not distinct from heartwood Width is usually 1.5 to 3 inches (3.8 to 7.6 cm) Grain Even Interlocked Straight Straight Moderately to severely interlocked The timber is reported to resemble Makore, (Tieghemella heckellii ) in appearance, and has a moire or watered silk figure Texture Coarse Even or uniform Uniform Medium Medium to coarse Even textured Natural Durability Perishable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-durable The heartwood has moderate resistance to decay, and is vulnerable to termite attack. The sapwood is susceptible to attack by powder-post beetle Odor No specific taste May have a slightly disagreeable smell when green Silica Content Moderate silica contact Toxicity Throat irriatation Nose irritation Needle-Like crystals can cause skin irritation in some individuals Kiln Schedules T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US Schedule E - United Kingdom Drying Defects Distortion Checking Splitting The timber may end-split and warp during drying Ease of Drying Little degrade Radial and tangential shrinkage from 4-7% Easy Dries slowly Mc Shrinkage from Green to 12% Tree Size Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Certified Source Certified Source Comments Dichopsis or Palaquium and Payena are two separate but closely related genera, which have very similar characteristics. Timber produced by species in the two genera are often grouped in either the Nyatoh or Bitis class. Nyatoh is a commercial grouping of species whose air-dry weights fall mostly between 38 and 45 pcf or 610 and 720 kg/cc, but may be up to to 55 lb/cu.ft (880 kg/cu.m). They are often mixed and marketed with other light to medium-weight, red-colored timbers. Timbers in the Bitis class are described as heavier, and have weights greater than 55 lb/cu.ft (880 kg/cu.m). They are referred to as Nyatoh batu in Sabah (Malaysia) Blunting Effect Blunting effect on sawing green wood is severe Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe Depending upon the amount of silica in the wood. Boring Fairly easy to very easy Fair to good results Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable Siliceous timbers tends to be very abrasive and are very difficult to saw with ordinary saws. There may also be some gum build-up on cutters. Movement in Service Stability is rated as medium Nailing Poor to Very Poor Results Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Machined surfaces are fairly smooth Difficult to plane Difficult to mould Difficult to bore Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is very resistant Response to Hand Tools Response depends on silica and gum content Turning Fair to Good Results Veneering Qualities This species is reported to peel well into veneers, and gluing quality is rated as above average. Polishing Good results Timber free from silica Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 15288 psi Crushing Strength 1063 psi Density 39 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1171 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 8369 psi Shearing Strength 1176 psi Stiffness 2001 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.49 0.56 Weight 44 38 lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1074 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 74 kg/cm2 Density 624 kg/m3 Hardness 531 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 588 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 82 kg/cm2 Stiffness 140 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.49 0.56 References Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1954. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume II. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. EcoTimber International, San Francisco, California. Personal Communication, 1993. Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. The Ecological Trading Company Limited (ETC, Newcastle upon Tyre, United Kingdom. Troup, R.S. 1909. Indian Woods and Their Uses. The Indian Forest Memoirs, Economic Products Series, Volume 1, No. 1. Superintendent, Government Printing, Calcutta, India.