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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Silica Content Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Daniellia ogea Trade Name Ogea Family Name Leguminosae Synonyms Daniellia similis Common Names Blaang, Blue bessie, Bolengu, Bungbo, Copal, Daniellia, Ehyedua, Eye dua, Fara, Faro, Gbessi, Gbessie, Gum copal, Gum copal tree, Hyedua, Incenso, Juya, Lonlaviol, N'dola, N'su, Naou, Nsou, Nsu, Ogea, Okineten, Omugo, Oziya, Santan, Shedua, Siadua, Singa, Whoe Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture components, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Paneling , Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Tables, Turnery, Vats, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Generally secure within its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview West Africa, particularly common in the rain forest of southern Nigeria. Found in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Portugese Guinea. Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow Purple Pink Orange Reddish brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale red to pink Brown Golden brown with a reddish cast Whitish White to cream Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown White to yellow Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Grain Interlocked Straight Figure Even Closed Wavy Rippled (figure) Growth rings (figure) Weak (figure) Interlocked Straight Wavy Rippled figure Weak figure Moderately to severely interlocked Clear growth rings (figure) Texture Medium Fine Coarse Medium to coarse Red gummy deposits in parenchyma. Luster Medium High Pronounced Lustrous Natural Growth Defects Latex or other ducts Brittleheart frequent-extensive Natural Durability Very durable Durable Resistant to marine borers Resistant to termites Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Perishable Non durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present The heartwood has little or no resistance to attack by decay causing fungi and other wood destroying organisms such as termites. The sapwood is susceptible to attack by the powder-post beetle, and logs require rapid extraction and conversion after felling to prevent sap stain. Odor No specific smell or taste Silica Content High Siliceous Toxicity Some toxic effects Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 T10-D5S (4/4); T8-D4s (8/4) US Schedule J (4/4) United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Drying Defects Distortion Checking Slight collapse and honeycomb Slight twist/warp The wood may warp slightly, and thicker stock may collapse, although not severely Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Dries at a fairly rapid rate Little degrade in thicker stock Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries at a moderate speed Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Bole length is 20-30 m Sapwood width is 10-15 cm Bole length is 0-10 m Bark width is 5-10 mm Bark width is 0-5 mm Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm The trees are usually unbuttressed and produce boles that are well-formed, straight, and clear of branches to 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m). Old trees usually have narrow, slightly raised horizontal rings on the stems. Product Sources The ITTO reports that timber is occasionally produced from the species and exported in low quantities. Certified Source Certified Source Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect High to severe Blunting effect on machining is slight Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild Blunting effect on machining is variable Boring Fair to good results Fairly difficult to very difficult Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Moderate to saw Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Blunting of saws Considerable break-out at bottom of cut occurs in both rip-sawing and cross-cutting. Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Glues well Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Difficult to mortise Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Difficult to mould Crumbling and crushed fibers are rather common in end-grain material. Movement in Service Medium Stability is rated as medium Nailing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to nail Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Interlocked grain produces distinct ribbon figure Sharp cutting edges with reduced sharpness angle are required in planing for clean surfaces in quartersawn material Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Sapwood is resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to Work Easy to machine Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Screwing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good screw holding properties Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Veneering Qualities Some logs are sliced into decorative veneers for paneling and cabinets Steam Bending Very poor The wood is reported to buckle severely even at a large radius of curvature Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Satisfactory results Staining Fair to Good Results Finish is generally good Finish is generally satisfactory Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Bending strength (MOR) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Bending strength (MOR) = medium Work to Maximum Load = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) 15> lbs/cu.ft. The wood has medium density, low bending strength, very low stiffness and resistance to shock loads, and medium crushing strength. It is a suitable substitute for Rosewood in solid sections Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6693 10959 psi Density 29 lbs/ft3 Hardness 862 lbs Impact Strength 18 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6158 psi Shearing Strength 1482 psi Stiffness 1017 1317 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 5 8 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.36 0.46 Weight 26 23 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 11 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 470 770 kg/cm2 Density 464 kg/m3 Hardness 391 kg Impact Strength 45 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 275 432 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 104 kg/cm2 Stiffness 71 92 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.35 0.56 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.36 0.46 Weight 416 368 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45 Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1955,Faro (Daniellia Spp,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,44, pp17-20 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, Nigeria,1965,Nigerian Timbers for Matchmaking,Nigeria Fed. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Forest Products,Research Laboratory Report No.5 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Ogea - Daniellia ogea and Daniellia thurifera,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Timber Leaflet Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France. Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159 Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California. Okoh, I.A.,1970,Kiln Seasoning Studies,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter, 4(2,pp15-18 Okoh, I.A.,1970,Kiln Seasoning Studies,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter,4(2,pp15-18 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97 Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38 Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.