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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Staining Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Cratoxylon arborescens Trade Name Geronggang Family Name Guttiferae Common Names Adat, Buronggang, Dat, Dori, Erat, Geronggang, Geronggang gajah, Geruggang, Gerunggang, Irat, Liu-liu, Madang baro, Mampat, Mentemau, Mepa tamau, Munel, Serungan, Silung-silung, Simarunggang, Temau, Temok Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Common Uses Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Fiberboard, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Tables, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Status unknown in many of its growth areas Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Locally common in Malaysia and Indonesia (Sabah, Northern Sarawak, Brunei), mainly in coastal dipterocarp swamp forests, but also found inland, occasionally on low hills. Heartwood Color Brown Purple Pale red to pink Red Dark brown Light red Darkens upon exposure Sapwood Color White to yellow Pinkish Well defined Yellow Moderately different from heartwood Different than heartwood Grain Straight Interlocked Weak (figure) Figure Even Straight Interlocked Weak figure Shallowly interlocked Generally straight, but not always Texture Fine Even or uniform Uniform Medium Coarse Medium to coarse Medium Rather coarse and uniform Luster Lustrous Pronounced Low Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Hollow core is common Natural Durability Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Non durable Perishable Resistant to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Very little natural resistance Susceptible to attack by marine borers and termites Poor weathering properties Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Moderately durable Odor No specific smell or taste Silica Content Severe Likely to have significant impact on machining Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 T6 - D2 (4/4) US T3 - D1 (8/4) US Schedule E (4/4) United Kingdom Drying Defects Checking Distortion Severe end splitting Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Medium to High Shrinkage Fairly Easy Rapidly Easy Dries rapidly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Blunting effect on machining is severe Severe and rapid blunting effect Medium effect Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Bored surfaces tend to be rough Carving Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Surfaces tend to be woolly Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Moulding Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Nailing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to nail Holds nails well Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Torn grain common in quartersawn material Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is permeable Permeable Resistance to Splitting Excellent Response to Hand Tools Moderate working qualities Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Routing yields good results Routing is easy Sanding Good sanding finish Turning Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to turn Poor results Veneering Qualities Good gluing qualities Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory results Staining Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Strength Properties Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Weight = light Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5730 8737 psi Crushing Strength 274 425. psi Density 32 lbs/ft3 Hardness 319 lbs Impact Strength 21 15 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 2355 3691 psi Shearing Strength 978 psi Static Bending 3116 4858. psi Stiffness 1225 1467 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 6 7 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.34 Weight 36 27 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 14 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 402 614 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 19 29. kg/cm2 Density 512 kg/m3 Hardness 144 kg Impact Strength 53 38 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 165 259 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 68 kg/cm2 Static Bending 219 341. kg/cm2 Stiffness 86 103 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.42 0.49 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.34 Weight 576 432 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Australia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1968,Working Properties of some Native and Imported Timbers,Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Technical Publication No.8 Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Kumarasamy, K., Burgess, H.J.,1956,The nailing properties of 72 Malayan Timber Species,The Malayan Forester 19 pp219-26 Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210 Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-Indonesia Menon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27. Perkasa,1979,The Properties of Sarawak Timber - Geronggang (Cratoxylon arborescens,Perkasa,34,p9. Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry Department Thomas, A.V.,1932,Malayan timbers tested in a green condition,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.5 (reprint from Malayan Forester,9(4) 1940) Thomas, A.V.,1937,Timber Tests - Geronggang,Malayan Forester,6, pp142-5 Thomas, A.V.,1954,Malayan Timbers - Bintangor, geronggang, terentang,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.12 Tsumoto, T., Karasawa, H.,1975,The Properties of Tropical Woods 21,Government of Japan Forest Experimental Station Bulletin,No.227 Wallis, N.K. 1956. Australian Timber Handbook. Sponsored by The Timber Development Association of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, Australia. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.