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Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Weathering		Scientific Name Adina cordifolia Trade Name Haldu Family Name Rubiaceae Synonyms Nauclea cordifolia, Adina cordifolia Common Names Ahnau, Arsanatega, Bandaru, Bangka, Bonglong, Da-kom, Dudagu, Gao, Haldu, Hardu, Hedde, Heddi, Hedu, Hnaw, Holonda, Honangi, Kadambu, Kadawar, Kaddam, Kaim, Kalamb, Kamada, Kan Luang, Kan-luang, Kanapu, Kanu, Karam, Keli-kadam, Kem, Kolon, Komba, Kovao, Kudwal, Kurmi, Kurumba, Kwao, Kwow, Manja-kadambu, Manjakadambe, Manjalkadambai, O-aw, Paspu, Paspu kadambe, Pelpuria, Petpuria, Phurkhona, Roghu, Rudraganapu, Rudrakadapu, Shangdong, Siamese kwao, Tarachapa, Tekoe, Thaing, Tikkoe, Uaspu mundi, Yeludijamaram, Yetega, Yettega, Yongmaw Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Balusters, Baskets, Boat building (general), Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Handles: woodworking tools, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Musical instruments: piano, Musical instruments: strings, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tables, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Abundant/Secure Globally secure Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview India, Ceylon, Thailand, and Burma; scattered in mixed deciduous forests. Heartwood Color Yellow Orange Brown Red White Purple Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Reddish brown Pale brown Brown White to cream Freshly-Cut heartwood is yellow but darkens to pale yellowish-or reddish-brown upon exposure. Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red White to yellow Wide sapwood Paler than heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Straight Interlocked Crossed Spiral Even Figure Weak (figure) Straight Interlocked Spiral Weak figure Texture Fine Uniform Even or uniform Very fine Fine Very fine to fine Luster Medium High Lustrous Pronounced Natural Durability Moderately durable Non-durable Durable Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to powder post beetles Moderately durable Non durable Durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Resistance to decay varies from fair to poor. The timber has moderate resistance to the harmfuls effects of the weather Weathering Good Odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Checking Splitting Distortion Slight surface checking Slight end splitting Slight twist/warp Slight checking and cracking No twisting or warping No end splitting Expect splits Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Slowly Easy Kiln Drying Rate Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Naturally dries quickly Naturally dries slowly Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is fluted Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Bole length is 20-30 m Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 0-10 m Bole length is 0-10 m Tree height is 40-50 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Comments Acid resistant General finishing qualities are rated as good Useful for manufacturing saunas, laboratory bench tops, and other applications where acid-resistance is needed Carving Fair to Good Results Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to mortise Finishes well Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to mould The wood can be moulded or shaped with minimum effort. Movement in Service Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement Not stable/prone to move Large Nailing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to nail Difficult to nail Holds nails well Planing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish May produce some torn grain Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Permeable heartwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Works well with hand tools Variable qualities Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good sanding finish Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Screwing yields good results Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to turn Good results Excellent Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Finish is generally good Good staining properties Varnishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Resists denting and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Heavy Hardness = medium Hardness (side grain) = very soft Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Similar in many strength properties to Teak, White Oak, and Hard Maple Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9446 12057 psi Density 42 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1076 lbs Impact Strength 19 28 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5304 7315 psi Shearing Strength 1328 psi Stiffness 1085 1374 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.53 0.56 Weight 45 42 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 664 847 kg/cm2 Density 673 kg/m3 Hardness 488 kg Impact Strength 48 71 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 372 514 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 93 kg/cm2 Stiffness 76 96 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.53 0.56 Weight 721 673 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Arkwright, P.,1955,Know your Timbers No. 16 Haldu (Adina cordifolia,Woodworking Industry,12(4,pp243 Arkwright, P.,1966,Know your Timbers No.148 Haldu (Adina cordifolia,Woodworking Industry,23(11, p43 Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Abrasion Tests on some recently introduced Hardwoods,Wood,16(5, pp90-1 Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Carrapiett, J.B.,1960,Notes on ornamental timbers of Burma,Burmese Forester,10(1,pp37-53 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Das, N.R., et al,1965,Data on the Natural Durability of Timber Species,Journal of Timber Development Assoc. of India,11(2,pp6-12 Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Fernando, X.M.,1956,Notes on Ceylon Timbers,Ceylon Forester (N.S.,2(3,pp131-8 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Albizzia spp.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Timber Leaflet Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1954,Hardwoods for Industrial Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet, No.48 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42 France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kinns, H.E.,A Note on the Working Qualities of some Common Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Bulletin (N.S.,pp3-4 Limaye. V.D.,1939,The Comparative Strengths of Some Important Indian Timbers and Their Uses.,Indian Forest Records. Utilisation. Vol.1-A Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary Industries Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Puri, Y.N., et al,1968,Natural Decay of Indian Timbers 5,Indian Forester,94(8, pp609-619 Purkayastha, S.K.,1982,Indian woods: Their identifications, properties and uses, Vol. IV,Myrlacene to Symploceae,Controller of Publications, New Delhi Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24 Sharma, S.N.,1962,Experiments on the High Temperature Drying of some Indian Timbers,(Part.2,Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun Indian Forest Bulletin No.236 Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, Thailand Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA] Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.