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Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Copaifera mildbraedii Trade Name Andem-evine Family Name Leguminosae Common Names Andem-evine, Bangula, Bilombi, Bofele, Entendua, Etimoe, Indemba, Kamalufu, N'kara, Ovbialeke Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Zaire Common Uses Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Carvings, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Millwork, Musical instruments, Plywood, Vehicle parts Environmental Profile Vulnerable Abundant/Secure Heartwood Color Brown Black Purple Red Green/grey Reddish brown Sapwood Color White Brown Yellow Green/Grey Red White to yellow Well defined Paler than heartwood Grain Even Figure Straight Distinct (figure) Straight Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Fine to medium Luster Medium High Natural Durability Durable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Non durable Durable Light-Induced Color Change None Drying Defects Splitting Severe surface checking Expect resin/gum exudation Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Reconditioning Treatement Slowly Fairly Easy Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Bark width is 15-20 mm Bark width is 20-25 mm Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Certified Source Certified Source Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Nailing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is highly resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering Qualities Suitable for slicing Difficult to veneer Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Max. crushing strength = high Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 14087 21277 psi Density 47 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 6899 9945 psi Shearing Strength 2205 psi Stiffness 1762 2031 1000 psi Weight 46 37 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 13 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 990 1495 kg/cm2 Density 753 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 485 699 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2 Stiffness 123 142 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 737 592 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76 France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5 Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7