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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Substitutes Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Chloroxylon swietenia Trade Name Ceylon satinwood Family Name Rutaceae Common Names Behra, Behru, Bella, Bharhul, Bhera, Bhiraa, Bhirwa, Bihiri, Bilgu, Billu, Burus, Buruta, Burutu, Ceylon satinwood, East Indian satinwood, Flowered satinwood, Ghiriya, Halda, Huragalli, Huragatu, Mahogany, Mashwal, Mududad, Mutirai, Purush, Sali, Satinwood, Sengel, Vari-maram Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Common Uses Agricultural implements, Axles, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decks, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Handles: woodworking tools, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Inlay work, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Matches, Mathematical instruments, Moldings, Office furniture, Ornamental work , Paneling, Picker sticks, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shade rollers, Shuttles, Specialty items, Spindles, Spools, Sporting Goods, Stencil & chisel blocks, Stools, Sucker rods, Tables , Tables, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Turnery, Umbrella handles , Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels Environmental Profile Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Central and southern India, Sir Lanka, and Ceylon. The species occurs in dry mixed evergreen or deciduous forest. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Red Purple Orange Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Pale brown Darkens with age Contains dark streaks Sapwood Color Red Brown Yellow Same as heartwood White to yellow Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Grain Figure Distinct (figure) Interlocked Mottled (figure) Even Closed Rippled (figure) Wavy Straight Ribbon (figure) Growth rings (figure) Roey (figure) Stripe (figure) Interlocked Distinct and very fine figure Distinct figure Mottled figure Rippled figure Wavy Striped figure Straight Roey figure Ribbon figure Narrowly interlocked and variegated Clear growth rings (figure) The grain produces several attractive patterns including mottle, roey and ribbon, broken stripe, and 'bees wing' or cross mottled figure. Texture Medium Fine Coarse Fine Uniform Luster High Medium Pronounced Lustrous High Natural Growth Defects Yellowish deposits in vessels Gum veins may be found Natural Durability Durable Non-resistant to termites Susceptible to insect attack Perishable Non-durable Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Non durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Heartwood susceptible to marine borer attack Heartwood has very high natural resistnace to decay and other wood destroying organisms Heartwood has little resistance to termites in India Durable Odor Has an odor Slight pleasant fragrance when cut No distinctive taste Toxicity Dermatitic effects Unspecified toxicity Respiratory effects Kiln Schedules UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 T3 - C2 (4/4) US T3 - C1 (8/4) US Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Distortion Collapse Internal Honeycombing Possible Slight twist/warp Moderate surface checking Moderate twist/warp Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Reconditioning Treatement Requires slow to moderate drying schedule. Kiln dries well Air-dries rather well Kiln Drying Rate Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Bole length is 10-20 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 50-60 m Tree height is 40-50 m Product Sources The timber has wide applications as veneer for inlays and decorative purposes, but it is only available in limited quantities in lumber form. Price is in the expensive range. Substitutes Teak, Mandioquera (Qualea paraensis ) and Tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis ) Blunting Effect Little Blunting effect on machining is severe Medium effect Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Very difficult Requires a strong hold to prevent chattering Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly difficult to carve Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Gluing Easy to glue Difficult to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Finishes poorly Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Requires a firm hold to prevent chattering Poor moulding results Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Stable Small Medium Nailing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Pre-boring recommended Holds nails well Easy to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Difficult to plane Torn grain common in quartersawn material Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is highly resistant Highly resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Difficult to machine Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Secure hold recommended Routing is difficult Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very difficult to sand Screwing Pre-boring recommended Good screw holding properties Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to turn Good results Very easy to turn Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Suitable for peeling Painting Fair to Good Results Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good results Staining Finish is generally satisfactory Finish is generally good Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = hard Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Hardness (side grain) = very hard Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Bending strength (MOR) = high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Very heavy Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Density = very high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 10435 14804 psi Density 62 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2641 lbs Impact Strength 38 33 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 6019 9184 psi Shearing Strength 2586 psi Stiffness 1576 1879 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 10 11 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.73 0.88 Weight 59 57 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 733 1040 kg/cm2 Density 993 kg/m3 Hardness 1197 kg Impact Strength 96 83 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 423 645 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 181 kg/cm2 Stiffness 110 132 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.70 0.77 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.73 0.88 Weight 945 913 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Anon,1963,Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and uses. Vol.II Linaceae,to Moringaceae,Manager of Publications, Delhi, India Arkwright, P.,1961,Know Your Timber - East Indian Satinwood,Woodworking Industry,39(81,1 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia Brandis, D.,1906,Indian Trees,Constable & Co.Ltd. Broun, A.F.,(1899,Satinwood,Indian Forester,25(5,pp181-5 Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chowdhury, K.A., Ghosh, S.S.,1958,Indian Woods: Their identification, properties and uses Vol. I,Dilleruaceae to Elaeocarpaceae,Manager of Publications, Delhi, India Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Fernando, X.M.,1959,Notes on Ceylon Timbers,Ceylon Forester,4(2,pp227-31 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1938,The Properties of Cramtree. Guinea excelsa H.B.K. from British Honduras,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Project 22,Investigation 25 pp12 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1952,General Tests carried out on 3 Timber Species - Brachystegia - boehmii,,isoberlinia, spiciformis,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific and,Industrial Research Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42 Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio. Kaiser, J. Wood of the Month: Satinwood - As Smooth as its Name Suggests. In Wood and Wood Products, July, 1991. Page 48. Kline, M. 1977. Chloroxylon swietenia - Ceylon satinwood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine, 1994. Page 115-116. Koelmeyer, K.O.,1954,Silvicultural Notes on Trees - Satin,Ceylon Forester(ns,1(3,pp59-67 Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Lewis, F.,1934,The Vegetable Products of Ceylon,Assoc. Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70 Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2) Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-Indonesia Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23 Sekhar, A.C.,1955,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Woods,Indian Forest Records (ns Timber Mechanics,1(3,pp69-72 Stevens, W C,1961,Kiln Operators Handbook,HMSO Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA] Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13