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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Carya spp. Trade Name Mockernut hickory Family Name Juglandaceae Common Names Mockernut hickory, Pignut hickory, Shagbark hickory, Shellbark hickory, True hickory Regions of Distribution North America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Canada, United States Common Uses Agricultural implements, Baseball bats, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Chairs, Charcoal, Cooperages, Fishing rods, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles: general, Ladders, Musical instruments, Plywood, Posts, Railroad ties, Skis, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wheel spokes, Wheels Distribution Overview Hickory (Carya spp.) is composed of at least 16 species native to Asia Heartwood Color Black Brown Yellow Reddish brown Brown Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Red Sapwood Color Red Brown White White to yellow Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Different than heartwood Paler than heartwood Grain Straight Wavy Figure Stripe (figure) Even Closed Growth rings (figure) Straight Wavy Striped figure Clear growth rings (figure) Texture Coarse Coarse Medium Medium coarse to coarse Fine Fine to medium Luster Slightly lustrous Natural Durability Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Kiln Schedules UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Slight surface checking Moderate twist/warp Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Reconditioning Treatement Fairly Easy Moderate Easy Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Blunting effect on machining is severe Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Gluing Difficult to glue Moderate gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing Possible if prebored Holds nails well Holds satisfactorily Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moderately easy to plane Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Difficult to machine Moderate working qualities Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Screwing yields good results Possible if prebored Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Easy to turn Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Easy to cut Steam Bending Very good Good Polishing Good results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very high Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Max. crushing strength = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11139 17304 psi Density 48 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Impact Strength 74 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 4940 7563 psi Shearing Strength 2205 psi Stiffness 1847 2140 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 13 18 inch-lbs/in3 Weight 47 38 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 783 1216 kg/cm2 Density 769 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Impact Strength 187 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 347 531 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2 Stiffness 129 150 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.91 1.26 cm-kg/cm3 Weight 753 608 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % References Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Gerhards, C.C.,1963,Some Strength and Related Properties of Green Wood of Hawaiian Eucalyptus,saligna,Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of,Agriculture, Research Note No. FPL-09 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd Edition Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Phillips, D.R.,1973,American Woods - Hickory,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-241 Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72 Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187