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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Calophyllum brasiliense Trade Name Santa maria Family Name Guttiferae Common Names Aceite, Aceite cachicamo, Aceite maria, Alfaro, Alfaro bella maria, Balsamaria, Bari, Baria, Barillo, Bella maria, Bintangor, Birma, Birmah, Brazil beauty leaf, Cachicamo, Calaba, Calabra, Calambuca, Came-marie, Cashicamo, Cedro cimarron, Cedro de patano, Ceite mario, Chijole, Chijole mahogany, Cojon, Crabwood, Dalemarie, Damage, Degame, Edaballi, False-mamey, Galba, Galba odorant, Guanandi, Guanandy, Guaya, Inglez, Jacare-uba, Jacareuba, Koelarie, Koerahara, Koerali, Koerli, Krassa, Kurahara, Lagarto-caspi, Landi, Landim, Laurac, Leche amarilla, Leche de mari, Leche de maria, Leche maria, Lorahara, Mani kwaha, Mara, Maria, Mario, Ocuje, Ocuje colarado, Palo de maria, Palo maria, Sakbaramte, Santa maria, Tzeltal, Vario, Wild calabash, Wild calebash, Wild-mamee, Yandiira Regions of Distribution Central America, Latin America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico [US], Puerto Rico, United States, Venezuela Common Uses Agricultural implements, Beams, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chemical derivatives, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Door, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture, Handles: general, Handles: woodworking tools, Heavy construction, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Poles, Porch columns, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Structural work, Tool handles, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels Environmental Profile Questionable Extinct Endangered Status unknown due to inadequate information Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Natural growth range includes the Carribean Islands, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Mexico, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru Distribution Overview Grows throughout the West Indies and from Mexico southward through Central America and into northern South America. It is found on all types of soils-from wet, humid to very dry sites. Heartwood Color Brown Red Reddish brown Pale red to pink Red Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Brown Fine dark veins are present Sapwood Color Green/Grey Pink Paler than heartwood Pinkish Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood The sapwood merges seamlessly into the heartwood and is generally difficult to differentiate. Grain Interlocked Figure Stripe (figure) Other (figure) Straight Weak (figure) Even Variable (figure) Interlocked Striped figure Straight Other figure Weak figure Variable figure Texture Medium Medium coarse to coarse Coarse Homogenous Luster Lustrous Slightly lustrous Medium Natural Durability Moderately durable Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Moderately durable Very durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack by marine borers and termites Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Non durable Heartwood resistant to decay causing organisms and termites Odor No specific smell or taste Toxicity Dermatitic effects Unspecified toxicity Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed T2 - D4 (4/4); T2 - D3 (8/4) US Schedule A; United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Slight surface checking Moderate twist/warp Severe twisting/warping Slight twist/warp Slight end splitting Moderate end spitting Slight spring/bow Slight cupping Severe spring/bow Severe end splitting No surface checking No cupping, generally Moderate spring/bow Moderate cupping Expect severe degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening Case hardening may occur Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Difficult Moderate Variable results. Special attention required Easy Dries slowly Carefully controlled conditions may be required while air-drying. Quartersawn wood dries somewhat easier. Kiln Drying Rate Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Product Sources Timber from Central America is called by the trade name Santa Maria. The commercial name Jacareuba is reserved for Calophyllum timber from Brazil. The ITTO reports that an important source of timber. Exportation is low but regular. The wood is imported from Brazil into the United States, Belgium, Venezuela, and France. Comments Care required during nailing and screwing General finishing qualities are rated as good May split during nailing May split Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is variable Blunting effect on machining is severe Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Blunting effect on machining is moderate Blunting effect on machining is slight Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Blunting effect on cutting tools is moderate Blunting effect can be severe on cutting tool edges if brown gum streaks are present Boring Moderately easy Difficult Below average boring properties. Ample support required during boring operations Carving Easy to carve Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Moderate to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Material with interlocked grain can be difficult. Low resistance Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Brown gum streaks and interlocked grain can cause problems Gluing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Very good properties Mortising Easy to mortise Interlocked grain effects mortising Finishes well Interlocked grain can effect mortising (can generate torn and chipped grain), but straight-grained material is worked easily in most operations Moulding Good finishing results Easy to mould Movement in Service Medium Moderate dimensional stability can be attained after seasoning Nailing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Holds nails well Difficult to nail Tends to split during nailing Pre-boring recommended Easy to nail Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Moderately easy to plane Difficult to plane Poor planing characteristics To prevent grain from tearing a reduced cutting angle of 15 to 20 degrees is suggested Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Heartwood is extremely resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is permeable To increase penetration incising is encouraged. Resistance to Splitting Poor Good Response to Hand Tools Moderate working qualities Easy to machine Variable qualities Routing & Recessing Routing yields good results Routing is easy Sanding Easy to sand Good sanding finish Fairly difficult to sand Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to screw Possible if prebored To avoid splitting, pre-bore Turning Good results Turns with moderate ease Turning qualities are poor Easy to turn Difficult to turn Below average Veneering Qualities Diifficult to veneer There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Suitable for slicing Suitable for peeling Responds very poorly to rotary cutting Steam Bending Moderate Painting Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Satisfactory results Little or no surface prep required Polishing Satisfactory results Staining Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Finish is generally satisfactory Satisfactory staining characteristics Varnishing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Strength Properties Bending strength (MOR) = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Max. crushing strength = high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Work to Maximum Load = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is high - comparable to Teak. Maximum crushing strength, or compression strength parallel to grain, is high. Some familiar species with high crushing strength parallel to grain include Hard maple, Teak, and White oak. Hardness is rated as medium. It resists denting and marring about as well as white oak or birch. The weight is high. The density is high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9742 14345 psi Crushing Strength 766 1352 psi Density 40 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1120 lbs Impact Strength 30 35 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5267 8285 psi Shearing Strength 2023 psi Static Bending 5238 7722 psi Stiffness 1545 1797 1000 psi Toughness 176 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 10 14 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.47 Weight 40 39 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 12 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 684 1008 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 53 95 kg/cm2 Density 641 kg/m3 Hardness 508 kg Impact Strength 76 88 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 370 582 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 142 kg/cm2 Static Bending 368 542 kg/cm2 Stiffness 108 126 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 202 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.70 0.98 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.47 Weight 641 624 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Belize,1946,42 Secondary Hardwood Timbers of British Honduras,British Honduras Forest Department Bulletin,No.1 Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods -Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Brazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series CAOBA International, San Francisco, California. 1993. Personal Communication. Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant, and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Davis, E.M.,1949,Exploratory tests in machining and related properties of 15 Tropical,American Hardwoods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,Report,No.1744 Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Flores Rodriguez, L.J.,1969,Description Caracteristicas y usos de 25 Maderas tropicales,Mexicanas,Camera Nacional de la Industria de la Construccion Serie Maderas de Mexico Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1936,Major tests on Empire Timbers: Properties of Santa Maria, Calophyllum,brasiliense var. Rekoi strandl - from British Honduras,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Project 24 Investigation 6 (unpublished) Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1943,Foreign Timbers 1. Jacareuba (Calophyllum brasiliense) and Cedro (Cedrela,sp.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,27 Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45 Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Gomez-Vazquez, B.G.,1981,Wood structure and potential end uses of some lesser known Mexican timber,species,Thesis for Msc. Univ. Wales Bangor HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. ITTO. New Marketable Species Technical Notes. Prepared by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125 Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50) Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249 Longwood, F.R.,1961,Puerto Rican Woods - Their Machining Seasoning and Related Characteristics,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.205 Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207 Loureiro, A.A., Freitas da Silva, M.,1968,Catalogo das Madeiras da Amazonia (2 vols,Min. do Ultramar Belem Brasil Mainieri, C.,1971,25 Madeiras da Amazonia de Valor Comercial, Caracterizacas macroscopia,,usos comuns e indices qualificativos,Inst. Pesq. Tec. Sao Paulo, Brazil Publ., No.798 Mainieri, C.,1978,Fichas de Caracteristicas das Madeiras Brasileiras,Inst. Pesquisas Technologicas Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain Trinidad Pardy, A.A.,1951,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of S. Rhodesia - Uapaca kirkiana,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin,No.1582 Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Perpetua Hardwoods. Sea Star Trading Co. - Purveyors of Fine Wood. Newport, Oregon. Personal Communication, 1993. Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43 Saks, E.V.,1954,Tropical Hardwoods for veneer Production in Mexico,Caribbean Forester,15(3&4, pp112-9 Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Smith, E.E.,1954,The Forests of Cuba,Maria Moors Cabot Foundation,U.S.A. Publication, No. 2 Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29 Teixeira, D. E., M. A. E. Santana and M. Rabelo de Souza. 1988. Amazonian Timbers for the International Market. ITTO Technical Series 1. Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development (IBDF, Brazil. Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition Tropical Timber Information Center U.S.A.,1967,Calophyllum brasiliense, Calophyllum lucidum,State Univ. of New York TTIC Brief,19 U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72 Villamil, F.G.,1971,Maderas Colombianas,Proexpo Colombia Volkart, C.,1965,Recopilacion dedatos sobre propiedacies y usos maderos del Bosque Tropical,de las Costa Atlantica de Nicaragua,Turrialba,15(1, pp43-57 Wangaard, F.F., W.L. Stern, and S.L. Goodrich. 1955. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume V, No. 103. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Williams, L. 1936. Woods of Northeastern Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series, Volume XV, Publication 377, Chicago. Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13