Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning Varnishing		Scientific Name Harungana madagascarensis Trade Name A-pil Family Name Guttiferae Synonyms Haronga madagascariensis Common Names A-pil, Alillibar rafi, Bine, Boupulo, Chepsebil, Dua-ben, E-pil, Fusimegue, Igiekpo, Itue, Kosoa, Kpel, Kunamaji, Lolo, Marindazia, Mbeli, Mbema, Mbura, Mgondogondo, Muitasoa, Mukaranga, Muminyu, Munyamwe, Mupfukusi, Musira, Mutseti, Mutsodzo, Mutusotso, Namahasi, Namasahi, Ndeli, Ngo-dua, Ngoua, Nguel, Nno-dua, Oduben, Okosoa, Orange milk tree, Otere, Ouli yolo, Sumbala, Sumbale, Sungala, Tolongo, Tonbale, Uturu, webi, Wobe, Wom'be Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chemical derivatives, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Hockey sticks, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Particleboard, Pulp/Paper products, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery Heartwood Color White Yellow Orange Green/grey Brown Red Pale red to pink Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Sapwood Color Red Yellow White White to yellow Pinkish Paler than heartwood Grain Figure Closed Even Wavy Straight Interlocked Growth rings (figure) Distinct (figure) Weak (figure) Wavy Straight Weak figure Interlocked Distinct figure Clear growth rings (figure) Texture Medium Fine Coarse Coarse Luster Medium Natural Durability Perishable Non-durable Moderately durable Non durable Moderately durable Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Checking Distortion Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Kiln Drying Rate Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Bole length is 0-10 m Bole length is 20-30 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Easy to glue Nailing Easy to nail Planing Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Resistant heartwood Permeable sapwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Painting Good results Polishing Satisfactory results Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Strength Properties Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = small Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6111 9589 psi Density 40 lbs/ft3 Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6397 psi Shearing Strength 1560 psi Stiffness 1017 1199 1000 psi Weight 39 31 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 429 674 kg/cm2 Density 641 kg/m3 Maximum Crushing Strength 275 449 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 109 kg/cm2 Stiffness 71 84 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 624 496 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % References Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Dalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the Colonies Goldsmith, B., Carter, D.T.,1981,The Indigenous Timbers of Zimbabwe,Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No.9 Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Pardy, A.A.,1956,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of S. Rhodesia,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin,No.1891 White, F.,1962,Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia,O.U.P. London Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya