Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Berrya cordifolia Trade Name Anobrang Family Name Tiliaceae Synonyms Berria ammonilla, Berria cordifolia, Berrya ammonilla, Berrya mollis Common Names Anobrang, Chavandalai, Chevandelai, Dok leung, Halmilla, Halmillila, Hpekwoon, Kambamaram, Ketapang, Liangman, Liengmun, Mai-long, Mai-tonghu, Malibayo, Pakpak-balang, Petwen, Sarala devadaru, Thirukkanamallay, Tricomale, Trincomalee, Trincomalee wood Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Burma, Hawaii [US], India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Cooperages, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Ladders, Light construction, Mine timbers, Oars, Paneling, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Walking sticks, Wheel spokes, Wheels Environmental Profile Endangered Heartwood Color Brown Red Pink Yellow Purple Black Orange Reddish brown Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure Sapwood Color Yellow White White to yellow Different than heartwood Well defined Pinkish Paler than heartwood Grain Figure Interlocked Growth rings (figure) Even Straight Other (figure) Mottled (figure) Distinct (figure) Interlocked Clear growth rings (figure) Straight Other figure Mottled figure Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Coarse Fine Fine to medium Luster Medium Low High Dull Natural Durability Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to termites Moderately durable Durable Perishable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-durable Resistant to marine borers Very durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Odor Has a taste Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Checking Distortion Resin Exudation Splitting Moderate surface checking Slight end splitting Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Gum Exudation Rapidly Slowly Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Naturally dries at a moderate speed Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is misshapen Bole/stem form is fluted Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Tree height is 0-10 m Tree height is 40-50 m Bole length is 20-30 m Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 10-20 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Little Boring Fair to good results Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Gluing is often difficult Mortising Fair to Good Results Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is extremely resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Suitable for peeling Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Satisfactory results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = high Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9666 15037 psi Density 53 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Impact Strength 54 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 6047 8931 psi Shearing Strength 2205 psi Stiffness 1616 1872 1000 psi Weight 52 42 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Volumetric Shrinkage 15 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 679 1057 kg/cm2 Density 849 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Impact Strength 137 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 425 627 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2 Stiffness 113 131 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 833 673 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % References Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Chowdhury, K.A., Ghosh, S.S.,1958,Indian Woods: Their identification, properties and uses Vol. I,Dilleruaceae to Elaeocarpaceae,Manager of Publications, Delhi, India Chu, Y.P.,1969,Some basic strength properties of 22 timbers from Christmas Island,Malaysian Forester 32(2) pp201-2 Fernando, X.M.,1959,Notes on Ceylon Timbers,Ceylon Forester,4(2,pp227-31 Franco, E.J. Sampaio,1965,Sur l'Aptitude de quelques Bois Africains a l'Emploi dans les Travaux,Maritimes et la Construction Navale. (The suitability of some African,timbers for use in maritime structures and ship building.,Min. Das Obras Publicas, Lab.Nac. de Engenharia Civil Lisbon,,Memoria.,No.243 pp19 Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia