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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Xylia xylocarpa Trade Name Pyinkado Family Name Leguminosae Synonyms Xylia dolabriformis Common Names Boja, Bojeh, Cam xe, Eruvalu, Irul, Irummala, Jamba, Jambe, Jambu, Kada, Kadamaram, Konda tangedu, Kongora, Mai-sa-lan, Mai-sak, Orjori, Panga, Pangali, Pegu ironwood, Pinkado, Pkhay, Praing, Pran, Pyin, Pyinkado, Shilve, Sokram, Suaba, Suria, Tangani, Tangedi, Tangudu, The ironwood of Burma, Tiriwa, Trul, Trumalla, Yerul Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Boat building (general), Boat building, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Canoes, Chemical derivatives, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Docks, Dockwork, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Golf club heads, Handles: general, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Naval architecture, Piling, Poles, Posts, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Structural work, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction Environmental Profile The future survival of this species is at risk Some long-term concern for the species Generally secure within its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Xylia is a small genus of trees distributed in tropical Asia and Africa. X. xylocarpa is common in the forest of the Western Ghats in southern Maharashtra, Mysore, and Kerala in India. Its range is also reported to extend in a scattered manner from Madhya Pradesh eastward to the Esatern Ghats in Orissa and Andra Pradesh, and is locally common in Ganjam. also introduced into West Bengal. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Orange Red Reddish brown Golden brown with a reddish cast Darkens significantly upon exposure Dark gum streaks Dark brown Sapwood Color Yellow White White to yellow Pale pink Well defined Grain Interlocked Wavy Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Closed Even Distinct (figure) Interlocked Wavy Straight Clear growth rings (figure) May be wavy or curly Distinct figure Texture Fine Coarse Fine to medium Medium Medium to coarse Fine Hard Luster High Dull Natural Durability Very durable Durable Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from marine borers Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Very high natural resistance Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Resistance to termite attack Odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Toxicity Respiratory effects Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Dry at a slow speed UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US Schedule C (4/4) United Kingdom/T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US Schedule C (4/4) United Kingdom Drying Defects Distortion Moderate end spitting Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Moderate surface checking Warping can be expected Slight end splitting Severe twisting/warping Moderate twist/warp Expect splits Checking Ease of Drying Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement Dries well under good controlled conditions Dries slowly Difficult Felling should be done during or just after the rainy season and logs should be converted green or stored under water until ready to convert. Sawn material should be stored under cover and protected against rapid drying Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is fluted Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 0-10 m Tree height is 40-50 m Tree height is 50-60 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Trunk diameter is 250-300 cm Product Sources The bark and oil from the seeds of Irul are used for medicinal purposes. Comments Deposits - Wood vessels may contain whitish deposits. General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as good The woods of Irul (X. xylocarpa ) and Pyinkado (X. dolabriformis ) are very similar in structural and other properties, and are very difficult to distinguish. Wood vessels may contain white deposits. Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on machining is severe High effect Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly difficult to glue Difficult to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Medium Moderate dimensional stability after seasoning Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Difficult to nail Poor resistance to decay Holds nails well Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Requires sharp cutting edges Difficult to plane Wavy and interlocked grain, as well as varying amounts of resin, are reported to influence the machining characteristics of the timber. A cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended in planing to prevent torn grain Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Heartwood is highly resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to Work Difficult to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly good sanding characteristics Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Screwing yields good results Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Difficult to veneer Suitable for peeling Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory results Good results Excellent results Good results except when very high resin context Staining Rated as excellent Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Max. crushing strength = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Hardness (side grain) = hard Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = very high Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low High in density Heavy Hardness (side grain) = very hard Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 12336 18006 psi Density 55 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2369 lbs Impact Strength 29 29 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 7201 10756 psi Shearing Strength 2205 psi Stiffness 1853 2134 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.69 0.76 Weight 60 54 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Volumetric Shrinkage 11 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 867 1265 kg/cm2 Density 881 kg/m3 Hardness 1074 kg Impact Strength 73 73 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 506 756 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2 Stiffness 130 150 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.69 0.76 Weight 961 865 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % References Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Foxworthy, F.W., Woolley, H.W.,1930,Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forest Record,No.8 France - C.T.F.T.,Note sur le Camxe (Xylia dolabriformiis Benth,C.T.F.T. Information technique 37 Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Hundley, H.G.,1955,Pyinkado - Xylia dolabriformis,Burmese Forester,5(2, pp131-2 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Khan, S.N.,1967,Natural decay resistance of Indian Timbers IV Decay resistance of ivul,(Xylia xylocarpa) and laurel (Terminalia tomentosa,Indian Forester,93(8,pp567-77 Krishnan, E.A.C.F.,1936,Xylia xylocarpa for sleepers,Indian Forester,62(4, pp220-222 Limaye, V.D and B.R. Sen 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Forest Research Institute, Indian Forest Records, New Series, Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1., No. 4. Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses, and Suitability. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 2. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70 Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3 Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Plants Programme, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13