Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Substitutes Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Vochysia ferruginea Trade Name Yemeri Family Name Vochysiaceae Common Names Barbachele, Barbara chele, Cambara, Cedrorana, Chimbuya, Corosillo, Grignon fou, Iteballi, Killu sisa, Kouali, Kwari, Mayo, Moutende, Palo de chancho, Plumero, Quaruba, Red Kwarie, San Juan de pozo, Tintin, Wanakwari, Wiswiskwari Regions of Distribution Central America, Latin America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Common Uses Balusters, Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Ceiling, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, General carpentry, Hatracks, Interior construction, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Millwork, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paddles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Stair rails, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Tables , Utility furniture, Veneer Environmental Profile Endangered Extinct Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview The genus Vochysia is composed of several shrubs and trees that are distributed throughout tropical America, from southern Mexico to Peru, but are most plentiful in the Guianas and Brazil. Trees are reported to form nearly pure stands on old farmlands, and attain their best development on coastal plains and along waterways. Heartwood Color Brown Red Purple Green/grey Black Pale red to pink Dark brown Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown White to yellow Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Even Interlocked Straight Straight Interlocked Manufacture of less expensive grade furniture Texture Coarse Medium Fine Moderately coarse Luster Medium Low Lustrous Golden luster Natural Growth Defects Vertical gum ducts are seen as a defect in some applications Natural Durability Resistant to termites Very durable Resistant to marine borers Durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to attack by fungi and termites Heartwood resistant to decay Odor Has an odor No specific smell or taste Toxicity Some toxic effects Kiln Schedules T2 - D4 (4/4); T2 - D3 (8/4) US Schedule A (4/4) United Kingdom/T2 - D4 (4/4); T2 - D3 (8/4) US Schedule A (4/4) United Kingdom Drying Defects Distortion Checking Splitting Severe twisting/warping Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Dries slowly with little degrade Dries at a fairly rapid rate Quartersawn material is less prone to degrade during drying Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries at a moderate speed Naturally dries slowly Slow Drying rate is slow Tree Size Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bark width is 0-5 mm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Bark width is 5-10 mm Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Product Sources The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber and rates as a fairly important export. Timber produced by species in the genus are used for the same purposes as those by the genus Qualea, and the two genera are often referred to by the same vernacular name in some localities. Substitutes Spanish cedar Comments Low resistance to decay. Difficult to work after drying. Can be used as drawer bottoms, panels, or plywood Blunting Effect Little Moderate Medium effect Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Fairly easy to very easy Poor to very poor results Fair to good results Satisfactory properties Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to carve Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Moderate to saw Easy to saw Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good properties Mortising Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good mortising properties Moulding Good moulding properties Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Poor to Very Poor Results Holds nails well Good nailing properties Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Very Good to Excellent Results Woolly Irregular grain interferes Easy to plane Responds well to hand and machine tools Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Absorption and retention of preservatives in both heartwood and sapwood are very good Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Responds Poorly Responds well Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very sharp cutting edges are required to produce a smooth surface Responds well to routing operations Sanding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Good sanding finish Screwing Pre-boring recommended Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Responds well Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Painting Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Staining Stains well Water-Based stains should be avoided since they tend to raise the grain Varnishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high High density, medium weight, surfaces may dent or scratch easily Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6540 10695 psi Density 34 lbs/ft3 Hardness 593 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 3082 5959 psi Shearing Strength 1509 psi Stiffness 1235 1555 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 10 13 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.46 0.52 Weight 48 30 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Volumetric Shrinkage 15 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 459 751 kg/cm2 Density 544 kg/m3 Hardness 268 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 216 418 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 106 kg/cm2 Stiffness 86 109 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.70 0.91 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.46 0.52 Weight 769 480 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % References Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA., Forest Service, Preliminary Copy, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. CAOBA International, San Francisco, California. 1993. Personal Communication. Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. ITTO. 1991. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. Association Internationale Technique des Bois Tropicaux, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-marne, CEDEX, France Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Record, S.J. and R.W. Hess. 1943. Timbers of the New World. Published on the Charles Lathrop Pack Foundation, Yale University Press, New Haven CT. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Plants Programme, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.