Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Plantation species? Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing		Scientific Name Araucaria angustifolia Trade Name Paraná pine Family Name Araucariaceae Common Names Araucaria, Brazilian araucaria, Brazilian pine, Chilean pine, Curiy, Cury, Inho vermelho, Kuviy, Monkey puzzle tree, Parana pine, Pehuen, Pilon, Pin, Pinheiro, Pinheiro do Brasil, Pinheiro do Parana, Pinho, Pinho branco, Pinho brasileiro, Pinho brasilero, Pinho do Parana, Pino, Pino blanco, Pino Paraná Plantation species? Yes Regions of Distribution Africa, Latin America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, South Africa Common Uses Baskets, Beams, Bedroom suites, Blockboard, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Cutting surfaces, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Matches, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Tables, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Vulnerable Endangered Endangered within most of its growth range (and may soon be Extinct if adverse environmental practices persist) Considered vulnerable in its natural habitat because its numbers are threatened by serious adverse factors throughout its range. However, the species likely exists today in relatively large numbers. Southern Brazil contains fairly large numbers of young Parana pine. Distribution Overview Botanical distribution covers parts of Paraguay and Argentina and the Brazilian plateau region of Rio Grande do Sui, Santa Catharina, and Parana. Commercial exploitation has been centered in the State of Parana. Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow Purple Black Highly variable Tan Orange Pale brown Brown Dark brown Reddish brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Light tan Color varies considerably Bright red streaks on a natural brown backround occassionally Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red Green/Grey Grey Orange White to yellow Paler than heartwood Slight grayish or dirty hue Similar to ponderosa pine in appearance Orange-Yellow to gray-yellow Grain Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Even Distinct (figure) Straight Clear growth rings (figure) Distinct figure Texture Fine Close Fine Close, uniform texture and barely visible growth rings The texture has been compared to that of White pine (P. strobus ) Luster Low Slightly lustrous Natural Durability Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Perishable Resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Non durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Vulnerable to attack by some insects, including powder post beetles Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack by other insects, including Anobium borers Perishable not resistant to decay Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=D US=T3D2/T3C1 T3-D2 (4/4);T3-D1 (8/4) US Schedule D (4/4) United Kingdom Drying Defects Splitting Distortion Checking Moderate twist/warp Moderate end spitting Severe end splitting Streaks of abnormal wood tissue may promote warping and checking Slight twist/warp Slight tendency to spilt and distort during drying Slight end splitting No resin/gum exudation Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Variable Medium to High Shrinkage Slowly Requires special attention Difficult Moderate Variable results. Streaks of compression wood makes it difficult to dry Prolonged conditioning period and regular moisture content checks control variable drying rates Piles should be weighted to minimize warping Dries slowly and may be accompanied by excessice longitudinal shrinkage Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 40-50 m Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 50-60 m Bole length is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good May contain moderate levels of compression wood Blunting Effect Little Moderate Blunting effect on machining is slight Slight to moderate blunting effect on cutters Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Ripped or resawn boards may distort considerably if material contains compression wood Low resistance to cutting Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Mininum gluing is required since wider stock is usually available Good gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to mortise Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Good finishing results Easy to mould Can be moulded or shped with mininum effort Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Medium Small Shrinks in length Medium movement in use High tendency to distort in reponse to changes in moisture content Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Nails without pre-boring Holds nails well Excellent nail-holding qualitites Easy to nail Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Easy to plane but can distort considerably if compression wood is present Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Permeable sapwood Permeable heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is treatable Moderately permeable to preservative treatment Heartwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Produces smooth surfaces Produces clean surfaces Easily sanded Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to screw Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Steam Bending Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor steam bending characteristics Painting Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Fairly good polishing characteristics Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Finish is generally good Accepts various types of stains well Varnishing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Responds equally well to a variety of finishes Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Hardness (side grain) = soft Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness (total work) = very low Toughness (total work) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Resists wearing and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Medium weight Max. crushing strength = low Max. crushing strength = high Hardness = medium Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = high Parana pine has higher strength and hardness properties than most softwoods. Bending strength of air-dried wood of the species is similar to that of Teak, which is considered to be strong. Strength in compression parallel to grain is in the high range. Other species in this range include Teak, White oak, and Hard maple. it is as dense as Loblolly and Shortleaf pines, and just as strong. Its machining properties compare favorably with most North American softwoods, and it combines the strength and hardness of the Yellow pines with the easy working qualities of the White pines. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7948 13046 psi Density 34 lbs/ft3 Hardness 843 lbs Impact Strength 23 24 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 4028 6894 psi Shearing Strength 1753 psi Stiffness 1361 1552 1000 psi Toughness 130 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 9 11 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.39 0.46 Weight 32 25 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 12 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 558 917 kg/cm2 Density 544 kg/m3 Hardness 382 kg Impact Strength 58 60 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 283 484 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 123 kg/cm2 Stiffness 95 109 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 149 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.63 0.77 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.39 0.46 Weight 512 400 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Arno, J. 1989. 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