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Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Luster Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Size Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Vateria indica Trade Name Ajakarna Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Synonyms Vateria malabarica Common Names Ajakarna, Bilidupa, Damar blanche, Damar tree, Damar white, Dhup maram, Dhup white, Dhupa, Dhupa paini, Dhupa-paini, Dhupada, Dupa-mara, Gugle, Hal, Illupathla, Illupothla, Indian copal, Indian copal tree, Kondricam, Maddi dhupa, Maddi-dhupa, Malabar whie piney, Munda dupa, Munda-dhupa, Paini, Paini mara, Payani, Payin, Perum piney, Piney du malabar, Piney maram, Piney varnish tree, Piney-maram, Sal-dhupa, The piney varnish, Vallay-kungiliam, Valley kungiliam, Velapiney, Vella kondrikam, Vella-hondrikam, Vella-paine, Vella-payin, Vellai kandrikan, Vellapine, Vellapiney, Vellei kundrikam, Vellei-kuntrikam, Velthapaini, White damar tree, White dammer of Southern India, White dhup Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] India Common Uses Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Chemical derivatives, Flooring, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Matches, Millwork, Mine timbers, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Toys Heartwood Color Brown White Red Pale brown Greenish to greyish Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale red to pink Sapwood Color Red White Pink White to yellow Grain Interlocked Even Straight Interlocked Straight Texture Medium Fine Coarse Medium to coarse Luster High Lustrous Natural Durability Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Perishable Non-resistant to termites Non durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Heartwood susceptible to attack by decay fungi Drying Defects Distortion Splitting Checking Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Rapidly Slowly Easy Difficult Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Naturally dries at a moderate speed Tree Size Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 10-20 m Bark width is 5-10 mm Bark width is 20-25 mm Bark width is 15-20 mm Bark width is 0-5 mm Tree height is 20-30 m Bark width is 10-15 mm Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fair to Good Results Movement in Service Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planing Fair to Good Results Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is highly resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Difficult to veneer Suitable for slicing Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Staining Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Varnishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = small Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7711 12078 psi Density 35 lbs/ft3 Impact Strength 22 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3324 5570 psi Stiffness 1665 1923 1000 psi Weight 34 27 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 542 849 kg/cm2 Density 560 kg/m3 Impact Strength 55 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 233 391 kg/cm2 Stiffness 117 135 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 544 432 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Kadambi, K.,1957,Vateria indica Lina,Indian Forester 83(5) pp317-23 Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24 Sweet, C.V.,1922,Further experiments in the air-seasoning of Indian timbers and general,recommendations as to seasoning methods.,Indian Forest Records IX part V, Delhi, India Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6