Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning		Scientific Name Upuna borneensis Trade Name Upun batu Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Balau, Balau penyau, Cangal, Cangal gading, Cangal tanduk, Dusun, Kenyahuk bantuk, Pan yua tanduk, Panyau, Panyau tulang, Penyau, Resak, Tekam, Tekem, Upun, Upun batu Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Common Uses Boat building (general), Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Construction, Factory construction, Heavy construction, Mine timbers, Wharf construction Environmental Profile Secure in many areas of its range Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Described as a lowland forest tree, and is found in Borneo, as well as Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei. Heartwood Color Red Black Brown Dark brown Darkens significantly upon exposure Lighter when dry Sapwood Color White to yellow Well defined Paler than heartwood Light brown Different than heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Even Interlocked Straight Interlocked Straight Texture Medium Fine Fine to medium Luster Medium Slightly lustrous Low Natural Growth Defects Gum/resin exudation Gum/resin streaks Natural Durability Moderately durable Durable Very durable Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Slight surface checking Slight end splitting Checking Ease of Drying Radial: 1.0 to 1.5% Shrinkage from Green to 15% MC Tangential: 1.5 to 2.0% The material dries fairly rapidly, with very little degrade. Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Comments Twice as hard as Teak, and 50% stonger in other properties except in shock and resistance Blunting Effect Medium effect Boring Moderately easy Bores rather roughly Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Planing Planes to a smooth surface Planes to a satisfactory finish Planes to a satisfactory finish It usually planes to a smooth surface but there may be some torn grain on radial surfaces. Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is highly resistant Sapwood is extremely resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Moderate working qualities Easy to machine Turning High density adversely effects turning Presence of gum in the timber are reported to adversely affect most of its machining properties Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Very high density Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Density 60 lbs/ft3 Specific Gravity 0.8 Weight 56 49 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 4 % Item Green Dry Metric Density 961 kg/m3 Specific Gravity 0.8 Weight 897 785 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % References Andy Poynter. 1993. Personal Communication Ashton, P.S.,1964,A manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State,O.U.P. London Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands Meijer, W., Wood, G.H.S.,1964,Dipterocarps of Sabah (North Borneo,Sabah Forest Department, Forest Record No.5 Moore, K.M.,1972,Observations on some Australian forest insects: 26 Some insects attacking,three important tree species (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus pilularis and,Eucalyptus saligna,Australian Zoologist 17(1) pp30-9 Sarawak Forestry Department,1953,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei - Leaflet No. 9 Family,Dipterocarpaceae,Forest Department of Sarawak Thomas, A.V.,1953,The timber of Upun Batu (Upuna borneensis,Malaysian Forester 16(3, 163-5 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.