Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resin Content Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Size Varnishing		Scientific Name Ulmus thomasii Trade Name Rock elm Family Name Common Names Canadian cork elm, Canadian rock elm, Cork elm, Elm, Hickory elm, Rock elm Regions of Distribution North America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Canada, United States Common Uses Baskets, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Casks, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Farm vehicles, Figured veneer, Food containers, Interior construction, Interior trim, Machinery parts, Millwork, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Plywood, Skids, Trimming, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wainscotting, Wheels Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview This North American species occurs from southern Ontario, extreme southern Quebec and western New England southward to Tennessee, west to the far northeastern Kansas, and north to Minnesota. It grows in hardwood forests, and prefers moist to dry upland soils, especially rocky ridges and limestone bluffs. It is also reported to grow on flatlands. Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow Purple Orange Light brown Sapwood Color Red Brown Yellow Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Even Interlocked Straight Straight Occasionally interlocked, but not always Texture Fine Moderately fine Luster Low Brownish Greyish Natural Durability Durable Moderately durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to decay No natural resistance Odor No specific smell or taste Resin Content Heartwood has very low resistance to decay Used for dockwork, wharf construction and ship's fenders because of its outstanding resistance to wear and tear Kiln Schedules T6-B3(4/4) T3-B2 (8/4)US Drying Defects Checking Warping can be expected Checking Ease of Drying Slowly Dries well under good controlled conditions Liable to degrade excessively and shrink considerably Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Bole length is 20-30 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Sapwood width is 10-15 cm Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Blunting Effect High to severe Moderate effect Boring Fairly easy to very easy Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Difficult to saw Difficult to saw High density Gluing Glues well Movement in Service Moderate dimensional stability after seasoning Medium Nailing Holds satisfactorily Growth rings fairly distinct Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Yields a clean surface Planes to a smooth surface Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Difficult to machine Screwing Satisfactory characteristics Steam Bending Very good Polishing Fair to Good Results Cut surfaces are usually smooth and glossy Staining Stains well Varnishing Satisfactory Strength Properties Heavy Described as hard. High strength and shcok resistance Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9163 15239 psi Crushing Strength 652 1250 psi Hardness 1294 lbs Impact Strength 59 69 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3822 6997 psi Shearing Strength 1882 psi Static Bending 4508 7938 psi Stiffness 1250 1710 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 19 23 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.57 0.63 Weight 55 50 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 14 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 644 1071 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 45 87 kg/cm2 Hardness 586 kg Impact Strength 149 175 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 268 491 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 132 kg/cm2 Static Bending 316 558 kg/cm2 Stiffness 87 120 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 1.33 1.61 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.57 0.63 Weight 881 801 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin. Canadian Forestry Service. 1981. Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. Little, E.L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York. Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Rendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume Two - North & South America (Including Central America and the West Indies). Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London. USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.