Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Staining Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities Weathering		Scientific Name Trema orientalis Trade Name Menarong Family Name Ulmaceae Common Names Agaunai, Anabiong, Anadong, Anagdong, Anardung, Banahl, Charcoal tree, Elodechoel, Gorklu, Guburuka, Gutel, Hinlalaong, Indalugung, Indian Charcoal tree, Kargol, Maladurong, Malasikong-durong, Mandaragon, Menanong, Menarong, Mengkirai, Mufefeti, Mugubvura, Peach cedar, Pigeonwood Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Angola, Australia, Botswana, Cabinda, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, India, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe Common Uses Agricultural implements, Baskets, Bedroom suites, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Fine furniture, Fishnet floats, Floats, Floor lamps, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Matches, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Roofing, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Stools, Tables , Tannin, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Vehicle parts, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Abundant/Secure Rare Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Status unknown in some areas due to inadequate information Secure in many areas of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Its environmental status in India and American Samoa is listed as unknown because of inadequate information. Vulnerable in the Phillipines Distribution Overview The genus Trema consists of about 20 species which occur abundantly in the tropics. The only member in the genus occuring in Africa, T. orientalis , is widely distributed and abundant from tropical Africa southwards through South Africa and eastwards to southern Asia. In Africa it grow on abandoned farmlands, forest clearings, and on the fringes of forests in savannah regions. Heartwood Color Brown Red Yellow White Purple Orange Tan Straw brown Pale brown Grey brown Buff Brown Sapwood Color Red Brown Yellow White White to yellow Same as heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Straight Even Figure Interlocked Stripe (figure) Weak (figure) Straight Weak figure Striped figure Interlocked Texture Coarse Medium Fine Medium coarse to coarse Fine Even textured Coarse Luster Lustrous Natural Durability Non-durable Durable Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to termites Perishable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack The heartwood has very little natural resistance to attack by decay fungi, pin-hole borers and, possibly, termites. Weathering Good Odor Has an odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Distortion Ring Shakes Uneven Moisture Content Moderate twist/warp Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Medium to High Shrinkage Dries rapidly and well with little degrade under controlled conditions Kiln dries rapidly with little degrade. Radial - 2.5 Radial - 2.5 Shrinkage from green to 12% MC Shrinkage from green to 12% MC Tangential - 4.3 Tangential shrinkage - 4.3% Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trees growing in the forests in South Africa are reported to develop a slender trunk, but those in the open or on the edge of forests tend to be of a wide-spread shape, sometimes with drooping branches. It is no more than a shrub in some places Product Sources Young leaves of the tree are eaten by the Zulus in South Africa, and the root and other parts of the tree are also used as an emetic. Certified Source Certified Source Comments Species in the genus are more valuable in their role of soil conservation and reclamation than as a source for timber Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is moderate The wood has some blunting effect on saw-teeth and cutting tools. Boring Fair to good results Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Boring operations are rather easy with ordinary machine tools Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy The timber is described as light and soft, and responds well to sawing. Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Generally mortises well Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly easy to mould The wood is light and soft Movement in Service Stable when seasoned Small Nailing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Holds nails well Poor nailing properties Nails hold poorly Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Fair to Good Results Responds well to most ordinary tools in machining operations Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Cutters may dull Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine The timber is described as light and soft Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good routing qualities Sanding Good sanding properties Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good results Veneering Qualities Difficult to veneer Painting Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Staining Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Varnishing Satisfactory Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Soft Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = very soft Hardness (side grain) = soft Dents or scratches easily Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium It is closer in strength to Mahogany than either Teak or White oak, which have higher bending strength Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5713 9266 psi Crushing Strength 419 518 psi Density 25 lbs/ft3 Hardness 610 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 2403 4354 psi Shearing Strength 1076 psi Static Bending 2704 4655 psi Stiffness 902 1073 1000 psi Toughness 120 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.35 Weight 25 21 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 401 651 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 29 36 kg/cm2 Density 400 kg/m3 Hardness 276 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 168 306 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 75 kg/cm2 Static Bending 190 327 kg/cm2 Stiffness 63 75 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 138 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.35 Weight 400 336 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % References Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48 Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75 Bolza, E. and N.H. Kloot. 1963. The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 25. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1963,The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.25 Cause, M.L.; Rudder, E.J. and Kynaston, W.T.,1989,Queensland Timbers Their Nomenclature, Density, and Lyctid Susceptability,Queensland Department of Forestry, Technical Pamplet No.2 Desch, H. E. 1954. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume II. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaysia Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Goldsmith, B., Carter, D.T.,1981,The Indigenous Timbers of Zimbabwe,Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No.9 Hung, C.M.,1956,Experiments on the Pulping of Trema orientalis,Taiwan Forest Research Institute Bulletin,No.46 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H. Palmer, E. and N. Pitman. 1972. Trees of Southern Africa, Volume 1 - Covering All Known Indidenous Species in the Republic of South Africa, South-West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho & Swaziland. A.A. Balkema, Publisher. Cape Town, South Africa. Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Storrs, A.E.G.,1979,Know your Trees - Some of the Common Trees found in Zambia,Zambia Forestry Department, Ndola Wang, S.F.,1963,Studies on the absorption and penetration of woods treated with various,treating methods of preservatives,Taiwan Forest Research Institute Bulletin,No.89 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia