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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing		Scientific Name Tetramerista glabra Trade Name Punah Family Name Tetrameristaceae Common Names Amat, Bankalis, Entuyut, Kaye hujan, Kuantan, Larut, Pedada-paja, Punah, Punak, Rain tree, Sha lei, Terepit, Tuyot Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Construction, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Form work, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Mine timbers, Parquet flooring, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Roofing, Rough construction, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Vehicle parts Environmental Profile Vulnerable Abundant/Secure Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview The species occurs in coastal swamp forests in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. Heartwood Color Brown Red Tan Green/grey Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Brown Pale brown Pale red to pink Pinkish tint Light deep red brown or yellow-brown to brown or dark reddish-brown Sapwood Color White Brown Red Yellow Paler than heartwood White to yellow Same as heartwood Grain Straight Interlocked Figure Weak (figure) Spiral Even Crossed Distinct (figure) Straight Interlocked Weak figure Spiral Spiral grain occasionally Occasionally interlocked, but not always Generally straight, but not always Figure shows rays Distinct figure Texture Coarse Medium Even or uniform Fine Uniform Medium coarse to coarse Coarse Moderately coarse Even textured The wood has a waxy feel Luster Medium High Dull Natural Growth Defects Yellowish deposits in vessels Natural Durability Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to powder post beetles Moderately durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Non durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from marine borers Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Heartwood is moderately resistant to decay Durable The untreated heartwood is only moderately resistant to decay and should not be used in ground contact without adequate chemical protection. Odor Unpleasent odor when freshly milled No specific taste Freshly-Milled wood has an unpleasant odor, which disappears upon seasoning Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 T3 - C2 (4/4) ; T3 - C1 (8/4) US Drying Defects Distortion Moderate end spitting Moderate cupping Moderate surface checking No resin/gum exudation No twisting or warping Moderate twist/warp Slight surface checking No cupping, generally May cup and stain during drying Low resistance to sawing, but freshly felled logs may split due to internal stresses Liable to stain. Ease of Drying Slowly Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement Easy Dries at a fairly rapid rate Carefully controlled conditions required Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is fluted Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 0-10 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Comments Deposits - Pores are reported to contain white, gum-like deposits. General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on machining is slight Boring Fairly easy to very easy Easy The timber bores to produce clean surfaces. Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Low resistance to sawing Fairly easy to saw Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good gluing properties Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortises cleanly with ordinary machine tools Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Responds well to ordinary machine tools in moulding operations Fairly easy to mould Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Excellent Stability - Small Movement Nailing Poor to Very Poor Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Holds nails well Easy to nail Splits occasionally during nailing Pre-boring recommended Possible if prebored Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to plane Planes to a poor finish Planes to a satisfactory finish Planed surfaces tend to be fibrous, but planing operations are generally easy. Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Permeable heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Sapwood response to penetration and retention is adequate Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is resistant Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Responds well to hand tools Moderate working qualities Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Good routing qualities Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good sanding properties Screwing Pre-Boring is recommended in screwing Pre-Boring is recommended before screwing, especially in small materials Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to turn Good results Poor results Painting Fair to Good Results Polishing Good results Satisfactory results Requires a filler Poor results Planed surfaces are reported to often require considerable sanding and filling to yield a good polish. Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = medium Heavy Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Dense Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 8324 10695 psi Crushing Strength 529 821. psi Density 45 lbs/ft3 Hardness 995 lbs Impact Strength 25 28 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3477 4191 psi Shearing Strength 882 psi Static Bending 5409 8433. psi Stiffness 1705 1749 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 8 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.62 0.73 Weight 52 42 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Volumetric Shrinkage 17 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 585 751 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 37 57. kg/cm2 Density 721 kg/m3 Hardness 451 kg Impact Strength 63 71 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 244 294 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 62 kg/cm2 Static Bending 380 592. kg/cm2 Stiffness 119 122 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.56 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.62 0.73 Weight 833 673 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % References Bootle, K.R.,1971,The Commercial Timbers of New South Wales and their use,Angus & Robertson (publishers) PTY Ltd Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Foxworthy, F.W.,1927,Commercial Timber Trees of the Malayan Peninsula,Malayan Forest Records 3 Grewal, G.S.,1979,Air seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers,Malaysia Forestry Department, Forest Service, Trade Leaflet No.41 HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19 Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210 Lopez, D.T.,1982,Malaysian Timbers - Punah (Tetramensta glabra,Malaysia Forestry Department, Forest Service Malaysia Trade Leaflet No.59 Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board Menon, K.D.,1958,Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post,Beetle,Attack,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.27 Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary Industries Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Sarawak Forest Department,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Forest Department, Sarawak Leaflet No.13 Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73 Thomas, A.V.,1938,Timber Tests - Punah (Tetramerista glabira Mig,Malayan Forester 7(3) pp137-141 Walker, F.S.,1941,Resistance of Timbers to Marine Borer Attack,Malayan Forester 10(4) pp145-9 Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17