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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Tetrameles nudiflora Trade Name Thitpok Family Name Datiscaceae Common Names Baing, Bao-awny, Bhelu, Bolong, Bolur, Bondale, Bondsa, Cheeni, Chini, Chundal, Hoogia, Hoongia, Jermala, Jermalu, Kapang, Kapsin, Mai-nao-nau, Mai-taung, Mai-yum-myen, Maina, Mainakat, Mengkundor, Mugunu, Nigunu, Payomko, Piyei, Sandugaza, Sawbya, Som pong, Sompong, Tetrameles, Thitpok, Tseikpoban, Tulla, Tung, Ugad, Ugado, Vella chini, Vella pasa Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Fine furniture, Fishnet floats, Floats, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hardboards, Hatracks, Interior construction, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matchboxes, Matches, Mine timbers, Moldings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Particleboard, Partitions, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Stairworks, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Status unknown in some areas due to inadequate information May be rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Rare in the Yunnan Province in China. Its status in the wild is currently listed as unknown because of insufficient information in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar or Burma, the Western Ghats region in India, Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Java, the Andamans, and Sri Lanka Distribution Overview The species occurs in the Indo-Malayan region. In India, Thitpok grows in deciduous forests at elevations of up to 3000 feet (915 m). It is also reported to occur in Burma and Thailand. Heartwood Color Red Brown Pink Greenish to greyish Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown White to cream Pale yellow Grey brown The freshly-cut whitish wood deepens in color to become pale brown to gray-brown, or pale yellowish gray, golden brown, or light yellow, with a slight olive-green cast. Sapwood Color Same as heartwood White to yellow Grain Interlocked Even Figure Straight Rippled (figure) Stripe (figure) Interlocked Straight Striped figure Rippled figure Figure shows rays Texture Medium Coarse Medium Medium coarse to coarse Luster Lustrous Natural Durability Perishable Non durable Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from marine borers Perishable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately durable The species has negligible resistance to attack by decay fungi and other wood destroying organisms, and should not be exposed to conditions that promote decay without proper and adequate protections. Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1 Drying Defects Moderate end spitting Moderate twist/warp Moderate surface checking Moderate cupping May check and split Pone to discoloration. Radial: 2.3 Shrinkage from green to air-dry (12% MC): Tangential: 4.5 Ease of Drying Easy Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 0-10 m Bark width is 5-10 mm Bark width is 10-15 mm Tree height is 20-30 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Slight dulling effect on cutting tools Boring Responds readily to boring tools with good results Bores well with ordinary machine tools Carving Carves well in dry condition Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Low resistance to sawing Easy to saw Gluing Glues well Mortising The timber mortises readily with ordinary machine tools to yield clean surfaces Moulding Very good moulding properties Moulded surfaces tend to be clean Movement in Service Small Nailing Holds nails well Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Responds well to hand and machine tools Easy to plane Thitpok produces timber that is described as soft and easy to work. It responds very readily to hand and machine tools to produce fairly clean, smooth surfaces in planing and all operations Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is permeable Responds well to preservative treatment Response to Hand Tools Easy to machine Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Very good routing results Routing is easy Sanding Good sanding properties Screwing Holds screws well Turning Yields clean surfaces Good results Veneering Qualities Suitable for veneers The timber is reported to peel cleanly into veneers Polishing Poor results Polishes to a smooth finish Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = very low Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Max. crushing strength = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Soft Dents or scratches easily Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 3400 5038 psi Density 21 lbs/ft3 Hardness 292 lbs Impact Strength 27 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 1960 3430 psi Shearing Strength 830 psi Static Bending 2842 4998 psi Stiffness 945 1116 1000 psi Toughness 35 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.29 Weight 21 17 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 239 354 kg/cm2 Density 336 kg/m3 Hardness 132 kg Impact Strength 68 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 137 241 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 58 kg/cm2 Static Bending 199 351 kg/cm2 Stiffness 66 78 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 40 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.29 Weight 336 272 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % References Ali, S.F., Wallin, W.B.,1963,Suitability of Indigenous Wood Species for Furniture Manufacture,Pakistan Forestry Research Laboratory Bulletin (Wood Working Series) No.1 Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11 Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Budgen, B.,1981,Shrinkage and density of some Australian and South-East Asian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. building Res. Tech Paper(2nd Series) No.38 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Fenton, R., Et al,1977,Lowland Tropical Hardwoods - An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Species,with Plantation Potential,External Aid Div. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wellington, N.Z. Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1935,Preliminary Tests on Timbers, Investigated under the auspices of the,Empire Timbers Committee: Properties of Purpleheart, Peltogyne pubescens,Benth. Addendum properties of air seasoned materials.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Project 22,Investigation 11 6pp Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Jain, J.D., Das Gupta, P.R.,1979,A note on physical and mechanical properties of Tetrameles nudiflora,(maina) from Assam,Indian Forester 105(S) pp369-76 Karande, A.A.,1967,Timber, Tetrameles nudiflora R., resistant to Teredid Borers in Bombay,Harbour,Nature, London 213(5071) p105 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Osborne, L.D.,1970,Decay resistance of South-West Pacific rain forest timbers,C.S.I.R.O.,Div. for Prod., Tech. paper No.56 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Purkayastha, S.K.,1982,Indian woods: Their identifications, properties and uses, Vol. IV,Myrlacene to Symploceae,Controller of Publications, New Delhi Ramesh, Rao K., Juneja, K.B.S.,1971,Field Identification of Fifty Important timbers of India,Dehra Dun India Santhakumaran, L.N.,1973,On the Natural Resistance of Lannea coromanddica. Tetrameles nudiflora and,Tectona grandis to Marine Borers in Bombay Harbour,Journal of the T.D.A. of India 19(3) pp26-30 Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, Thailand Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17