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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Terminalia tomentosa Trade Name Asan Family Name Combretaceae Common Names Asan, Asna, Cam lien, Chhlik, Indian laurel, Karimardu, Karu maruthu, Koro maruthu, Maddi, Marda, Mareta, Matti, Neang phaek, Rokfa, Sadar, Sain, Taukkyan, Thembavu Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burma, Cambodia, India, Laos Common Uses Agricultural implements, Bearings & bushings, Boat building (general), Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Mine timbers, Moldings, Paneling, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Structural work, Tables, Tool handles, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Walking sticks, Wheel spokes, Wheels Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Orange Red Pink Dark brown Pale brown Brown Black Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale red to pink Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red White to yellow Well defined Pinkish Different than heartwood Grain Figure Variable (figure) Even Interlocked Distinct (figure) Stripe (figure) Other (figure) Variable figure Interlocked Distinct figure Striped figure Other figure Texture Coarse Medium Even or uniform Resinous and oily Uniform Coarse Luster Low Slightly lustrous Lustrous Dull Natural Durability Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Non-resistant to termites Durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Perishable Resistant to marine borers Resistant to powder post beetles Durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Odor Has an odor Kiln Schedules Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Dry at a slow speed UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow Drying Defects Splitting Distortion Checking Discoloration Moderate end spitting Moderate twist/warp Slight cupping No cupping, generally Moderate surface checking Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Thick Stock Requires Care Difficult Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 30-40 m Bark width is 25-30 mm Bark width is 20-25 mm Tree height is 40-50 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Little Boring Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Difficult to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing Fair to Good Results Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Difficult to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Poor to Very Poor Results Fair to Good Results Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Permeable sapwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Difficult to machine Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Pre-boring recommended Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Poor to Very Poor Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to turn Good results Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Polishing Fair to Good Results Poor to Very Poor Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Satisfactory results Good results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Max. crushing strength = medium Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = hard Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = very hard Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu.ft Bending strength (MOR) = very high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9210 14132 psi Density 53 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2451 lbs Impact Strength 47 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5408 8171 psi Shearing Strength 1442 psi Stiffness 1471 1702 1000 psi Weight 52 44 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 647 993 kg/cm2 Density 849 kg/m3 Hardness 1111 kg Impact Strength 119 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 380 574 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 101 kg/cm2 Stiffness 103 119 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 833 705 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Bhat, R.V.,1970,Pulping of Tropical Hardwoods,Indian Pulp and Paper Technology Association IPPTA,7(3,pp203-214 Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Carrapiett, J.B.,1960,Notes on ornamental timbers of Burma,Burmese Forester,10(1,pp37-53 Chinchole, P.R., Salgiya, S.C.,1971,Anatomical and Chemical Characteristics of Indian Hardwoods with Special,Reference to their Suitability for Pulp: Part IV Eucalyptus citriodora,,Terminalia tomentosa, Strychnos niuxvomica,Indian Pulp and Paper 26(1/6) pp7-13 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Ramesh, Rao K., Juneja, K.B.S.,1971,Field Identification of Fifty Important timbers of India,Dehra Dun India Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3 Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Roonwal, M.L., Et al,1956,Experiments on the effect of kiln-seasoning of planks from three species,of timber (Terminalia belerica, Terminalia tomentosa and Eugenia,jambolana,Indian Forester 82(9) pp455-68 Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Sekhar, A.C., Rana, R.S.,1957,Physical and mechanical properties of wood tested at the Forest Research,Institute, Dehra Dun,. Report IX,Indian Forest Records (ns) Timber Mechanics 1(10) pp167-70 Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24 Sharma, S.N.,1962,Experiments on the High Temperature Drying of some Indian Timbers,(Part.2,Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun Indian Forest Bulletin No.236 Sinha, J.N.,1937,A report on laurel wood (Terminalia tomentosa) and its market in England.,Imperial Forest Institute, Oxford Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition