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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Terminalia procera Trade Name White Bombay Family Name Combretaceae Common Names Badam, Bang nuoc, Chasemiich, Esemi, Kil, Kung, Safed bombway, Tilautaea, White Bombay, White bombway, White bombwe Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burma, India Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, General carpentry, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Office furniture, Paneling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Stools, Tables , Tool handles, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview Terminalia genus is composed of over 200 species of very large trees which occur extensively in the tropics. T. procera is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where it is very common. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Orange Red Purple Brown Dark brown Light brown Grey brown Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color White Yellow Different than heartwood White to yellow Grey The sapwood may have patches of yellow which dissolve in water to produce a dye. Grain Straight Interlocked Even Figure Distinct (figure) Straight Interlocked Straight to shallowly interlocked Distinct figure Texture Fine Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Luster Low Lustrous Fairly lustrous Natural Durability Very durable Durable Non-resistant to termites Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to marine borers Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately durable Susceptible to termite attack Sapwood is readily attacked by powder-post beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Heartwood has very low resistance to decay Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US Schedule E (4/4) United Kingdom Drying Defects Checking Splitting Distortion Moderate twist/warp Severe twisting/warping Moderate end spitting Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Severe end splitting Thinner stock may warp. Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Rapidly Slowly Easy Moderate Dries rapidly and well with little degrade under controlled conditions Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries at a moderate speed Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m It develops a strong and straight bole. Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is moderate Medium dulling effect on cutting edges Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Boring Fairly easy to very easy Responds readily to boring tools with good results Carving Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Moderate to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Satisfactory sawing properties Moderate blunting of saw teeth Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Good gluing properties Mortising Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Interlocked grain effects mortising The timber mortises rather cleanly, except in material containing interlocked grain Moulding Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Moulded surfaces tend to be clean Fairly easy to mould Movement in Service Small Stable when seasoned Holds shape well after manufacture Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Easy to nail Possible if prebored Good nailing characteristics Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Planes well, to a good finish Special attention required Material containing interlocked grain may require a reduced cutting angle of 15 degrees to achieve smooth surfaces in planing Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is resistant The heartwood is rated as responsive to preservative treatment, but complete penetration is not always achieved. Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Yields a smooth, clean finish Responds well to hand tools Moderate working qualities Routing & Recessing Routing is easy Sanding Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good sanding properties Screwing Pre-boring recommended Easy to screw Holds screws well Turning Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to turn It responds rather well to machine tools to produce mostly clean, smooth surfaces in turning operations Veneering Qualities Suitable for veneers The timber responds well to rotary cutting and slicing into veneer Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Requires a filler Staining Finish is generally satisfactory Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract Satisfactory staining properties May require considerable surface preparation Finish is generally good Strength Properties Bending strength (MOR) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Resists denting and marring Heavy Hard Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Dense Crushing strength = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7318 11106 psi Density 41 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1245 lbs Impact Strength 28 30 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3672 6336 psi Shearing Strength 882 psi Stiffness 1240 1474 1000 psi Specific Gravity 0.51 0.54 Weight 48 39 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Volumetric Shrinkage 11 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 514 780 kg/cm2 Density 657 kg/m3 Hardness 564 kg Impact Strength 71 76 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 258 445 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 62 kg/cm2 Stiffness 87 103 1000 kg/cm2 Specific Gravity 0.51 0.54 Weight 769 624 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % References Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Resistance to Wear of Afzelia as Flooring,Wood,16(9, pp338-9 Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Das Gupta, P.R.,1980,Studies on differential shrinkage in different planes of wood,Indian Forester 106(2) pp128-40 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12 Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3 Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30 Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition