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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Terminalia ivorensis Trade Name Idigbo Family Name Combretaceae Common Names Ada, Ada boumbra, Afara duclu, Afara dudu, Afara-dudu, Afia, African greenheart, African yellow wood, Amire, Ampira, Anidja, Awenshin, Bagyi, Bahi, Bai, Bai-ti, Baji, Bajii, Banidi, Basio, Bassi, Baye, Be-ie, Black afara, Black bark, Black-barked terminalia, Blie, Bona, Bossi, Boti, Boumbia, Bouna, Bouri, Bragba, Brimstone-wood, Buma, Buna, Cauri, Chasemiich, Dzogbedodo, Ebi, Efremeli, Eghoin-nebi, Eghoinmebbi, Egoyn odan, Egoyn-odan, Egoyne lukan, Egoyne nebi, Egoyne-lukan, Egoyne-nebi, Emen, Emeri, Emil, Emine, Emri, Epepe, Esemi, F'araeneri, Farayemile, Farayomile, Fataromile, Fela, Fira-wase, Frameri, Framine, Framire, Gbasi, Idigbo, Ijaws, Indigbo, Ka ronko, Kekange, Kil, Kokango, Kung, Lauri, Lidia, Mboti, N'dagobrohia, Nkombe, Nkondi, Okpoha, Onhidgo, Onidjo, Ouhidji, Oweive, Owewe, Ronko, Satin-wood, Shingle wood, Tewogboye, Tilautaea, Tuhidia, Tuhidya, Ubiri, Yellow pine, Yellow terminalia Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone Common Uses Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chemical derivatives, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, General carpentry, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plain veneer, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Siding, Sub-flooring, Trimming, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting Environmental Profile Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Vulnerable in Cameroon Distribution Overview Terminalia is a large genus consisting of over 200 species of very large trees that occur extensively in the tropical regions of the world. The natural growth range of T. ivorensis is in tropical West Africa and extends from Guinea to Cameroon. It is usually found in abundance in primary and secondary forests and transitional zones. The species has also been successfully cultivated elsewhere in plantations. Heartwood Color Red Brown Pink Purple Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Pale brown Pale red to pink Pinkish tint Light deep red brown or yellow-brown to brown or dark reddish-brown Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color Pink Brown Green/Grey Same as heartwood Paler than heartwood Yellowish brown Pinkish-brown Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood Grain Straight Figure Distinct (figure) Interlocked Wavy Growth rings (figure) Closed Even Weak (figure) Straight Distinct figure Interlocked Wavy Clear growth rings (figure) Weak figure Distinct and very fine figure The grain is usually straight, but is sometimes interlocked, which produces a ribbon stripe figure on quartered surfaces Texture Medium Coarse Resinous and oily Coarse Uniform Moderately coarse Medium Luster Medium Low Lustrous Slightly lustrous Pronounced Medium to high Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Wood core may contain brittleheart, which tends to be less dense and may turn pinkish upon exposure to light. Brittleheart also frequently produces thunder-shakes. Natural Durability Susceptible to insect attack Moderately durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Durable Non-resistant to termites Resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Moderately durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack by forest longhorn beetle Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles Moderately resistant to attack by termites Odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Toxicity Unspecified toxicity Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals Sawdust can cause respiratory irritation in some individuals Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 T10 - D5S (4/4); T8 - D4S (8/4) US Schedule J (4/4) United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Checking Splitting Slight end splitting Slight surface checking No surface checking No end splitting Slight tendency to distort and check Moderate end spitting Small tendency for knots to split Ease of Drying Slowly Rapidly Moderately Difficult to Difficult Easy Dries rapidly and well with little degrade under controlled conditions Good air circulation around drying stacks is recommended. Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Naturally dries quickly Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is fluted Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Sapwood width is 5-10 cm Tree height is 40-50 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Tree height is 50-60 m Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Bark width is greather than 50 mm Product Sources The timber is used in large quantities for joinery in Europe, but it is imported in small amounts into the United States, since some of its uses can be met by many native species. Price is in the moderate range. Idigbo has been suggested as a possible matching material for Oak veneers to cut costs on solid sections. The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced in limited quantities. Export is at a regular rate. Comments Corrosive Materials - Wet wood may react with iron and steel fittings to promote corrosion, and a yellow dye in the wood may stain moist textile materials. Wood from Ivory Coast and Ghana are reported to contain resin seams General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Little Blunting effect on machining is slight Slight dulling effect on cutting tools Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Easy Bores well with ordinary machine tools Slow speeds are recommended to prevent charring. Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Responds very well to hand tools Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Low resistance to sawing Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Good gluing properties Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Slow mortising speeds have been suggested since the wood is liable to char at high speeds Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Small Stable High dimensional stability after seasoning Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to nail Satisfactory nailing properties Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to plane Difficult to plane Special attention required Planes well, to a good finish A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended in planing quartersawn material to prevent tearing. Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is extremely resistant Sapwood is extremely resistant Heartwood is resistant The sapwood has medium permeability. Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Variable qualities Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory routing properties Routing is easy Sanding Good sanding properties Easy to sand Screwing Easy to screw Good screwing properties Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to turn Good results It responds rather well to most tools in operations but there is a slight tendency for end-grain to break away when working material containing compression wood and brittleheart Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Veneers easily Suitable for slicing Veneers moderately easy Good gluing qualities Easy to cut Suitable for peeling No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Steam Bending Very poor Poor Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Good results Requires a filler Staining Finish is generally satisfactory Reacts with Iron to discolour wood Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract Stains well May require considerable surface preparation Finish is generally good Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = very soft Work to Maximum Load = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high The timber is rather low in strength properties, and can be rendered even weaker if brittleheart is present. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7271 11554 psi Density 33 lbs/ft3 Hardness 951 lbs Impact Strength 17 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3593 6360 psi Shearing Strength 1430 psi Stiffness 1101 1380 1000 psi Toughness 137 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 5 7 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.42 0.54 Weight 37 32 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % Volumetric Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 511 812 kg/cm2 Density 528 kg/m3 Hardness 431 kg Impact Strength 43 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 252 447 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 100 kg/cm2 Stiffness 77 97 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 157 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.35 0.49 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.42 0.54 Weight 592 512 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % References Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45 Bois et Forets Des Tropiques,1947,Le Framire (Terminalia ivorensis,Bois et Forets des Tropiques No.1 pp.48-52 Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1974,Framire (Terminalia ivorensis,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.153,pp23-34 Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. 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Inc., Fresno, California. Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23 Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T. 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