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Blunting Effect Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Staining Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Terminalia brassii Trade Name Brown terminalia Family Name Combretaceae Common Names Aghomba, Brown terminalia, Chasemiich, Dafo, Esemi, Ghomba, Homba, Kil, Kopika, Kung, Maranuri, Nuli, Peo, Pepeo, Sau, Swamp oak, Tanimbuca, Tilautaea Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Common Uses Balusters, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Coffins, Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Door, Excelsior, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Figured veneer, Flooring, Framing, Furniture, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Paneling , Paneling, Plain veneer, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Siding, Stairworks, Stringers, Structural plywood, Trimming, Turnery, Utility plywood, Veneer, Wainscotting Environmental Profile Status has not been officially assessed Distribution Overview The species occurs in Papua New Guinea. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Orange Black Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Yellowish Brown Sapwood Color Green/Grey Brown Yellow Paler than heartwood White to yellow Well defined Straw colored Pinkish Grain Interlocked Wavy Closed Figure Even Spiral Crossed Straight Distinct (figure) Rippled (figure) Interlocked Wavy Spiral Straight Rippled figure Distinct figure Texture Medium Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Medium Fine to medium Luster Dull Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Natural Durability Very durable Resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Non durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Reports from Papua New Guinea rate the wood as non-durable and should not be used in exterior applications unless treated with a preservative. Odor Has a grape-like odor Kiln Schedules Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Splitting Checking Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Moderate twist/warp Moderate cupping Kiln Drying Rate Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 0-10 m Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Product Sources Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory The timber is similar in characteristics to Okoume (Aucoumea klaineana ), Limba (Terminalia superba ), and Obeche (Triplochiton screloxylon ), all from Africa. Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Minimal dulling effect on cutting tools Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Moderately easy Cutting Resistance Fairly easy to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moderate gluing properties Good gluing properties Mortising Difficult to mortise Moulding Difficult to mould Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Good nailing characteristics Planing Poor to Very Poor Results Difficult to plane Responds well to most ordinary tools in machining operations The timber responds generally well to ordinary tools in planing, turning, boring, and most woodworking operations. Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Moderate working qualities Difficult to machine Responds well to hand tools Turning Poor results Good results Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Moderately easy to veneer Good gluing qualities Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Staining Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Soft Shrinkage, Tangential = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Medium density Hardness (side grain) = very soft Dents or scratches easily Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low The species has medium bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content). It is closer in strength to Mahogany than either Teak or White oak, which have higher bending strength. It is weak in compression parallel to grain (maximum crushing strength), and is inferior to Mahogany Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6822 10678 psi Crushing Strength 505 936 psi Density 29 lbs/ft3 Hardness 731 lbs Impact Strength 33 40 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3503 5959 psi Shearing Strength 1230 psi Static Bending 3881 6625 psi Stiffness 1266 1487 1000 psi Toughness 70 inch-lbs Weight 28 25 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 479 750 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 35 65 kg/cm2 Density 464 kg/m3 Hardness 331 kg Impact Strength 83 101 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 246 418 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 86 kg/cm2 Static Bending 272 465 kg/cm2 Stiffness 89 104 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 80 cm-kg Weight 448 400 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % References Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11 Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bolza, E.,1981,The Mechanical properties of 33 Solomon Islands timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research. Technical Paper (2nd series) No.37 Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 8 Australasia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Budgen, B.,1981,Shrinkage and density of some Australian and South-East Asian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. building Res. Tech Paper(2nd Series) No.38 EcoTimber International, San Francisco, California. Personal Communication, 1993. Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Papua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, Brisbane Pleydell, G.J.,1970,Timbers of the British Solomon Islands,United Africa Company (Timber) Ltd, London Solomon Islands,1976,Solomon Islands Timbers - Major Species,For Div. Min. Nat. Resources, Honiara, Timber Booklet 1 The Ecological Trading Company Limited (ETC, Newcastle upon Tyre, United Kingdom.