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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Terminalia bialata Trade Name Andamans ash Family Name Combretaceae Synonyms Pentaptera bialata Common Names Andamans ash, Chieu-lieu, Chuglam, Chuglam white, Indian silver grey wood, Lein, Safed chuglam, White chuglam Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution Burma Common Uses Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Flooring, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Oars, Paneling, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Structural work, Tool handles, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Heartwood Color Brown Red Black Green/grey Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Brown Pale brown White to cream Sapwood Color Yellow White Green/Grey White to yellow Same as heartwood Grain Straight Figure Variable (figure) Other (figure) Even Mottled (figure) Straight Variable figure Other figure Mottled figure Texture Coarse Medium Medium Fine to medium Coarse Medium coarse to coarse Luster Medium Lustrous Natural Durability Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to termites Moderately durable Perishable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Non durable Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Kiln Schedules UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Distortion Splitting Checking Moderate end spitting Slight surface checking Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Moderately Difficult to Difficult Easy Kiln Drying Rate Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on machining is slight Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Carving Fair to Good Results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Moderate to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Pre-Boring Recommended Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to nail Holds nails well Planing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable sapwood Permeable heartwood Heartwood is extremely resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Satisfactory screwing finish Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Suitable for slicing Drying degrade is often moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splilts Suitable for slicing Easy to cut Polishing Fair to Good Results Surface Preparation Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Satisfactory results Good results Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Surface Preparation Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Finish is generally satisfactory Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Hardness (side grain) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7711 12078 psi Density 42 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1526 lbs Impact Strength 40 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6397 psi Shearing Strength 1107 psi Stiffness 1573 1816 1000 psi Weight 41 33 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 542 849 kg/cm2 Density 673 kg/m3 Hardness 692 kg Impact Strength 101 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 275 449 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 77 kg/cm2 Stiffness 110 127 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 657 528 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % References Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Das Gupta, P.R.,1980,Studies on differential shrinkage in different planes of wood,Indian Forester 106(2) pp128-40 Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70 Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Ramesh, Rao K., Juneja, K.B.S.,1971,Field Identification of Fifty Important timbers of India,Dehra Dun India Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3 Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd. Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition