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Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Anthocephalus cadamba Trade Name Kadam Family Name Rubiaceae Synonyms Nauclea purpurea, Nauclea cadamba, Neolamarckia cadamba, Sarcocephalus cadamba, Anthocephalus cadamba, Anthocephalus indicus Common Names Aparabire, Arsanatega, Arsantega, Atta vanji, Attu tek, Attu-teak, Bance pute, Bangkal, Bol-kadam, Cadamb, Cadamba, Chakka, Embul-bakmi, Entipong, Galupai, Galupai bengkal, Gao, Gumpayan, Hanja, Harapean, Heltega, Ilan, Jabon, Jabun, Johan, Kaatoan, Kaatoan bangkal, Kadaga, Kadam, Kadambe, Kadambo, Kadda vailu, Kadwal, Kalampain, Kalempayan, Kelampah, Kelampai, Kelampaian, Kelampayan, Kelampayon, Kelampeyan, Kelapan, Kelempajan, Kelempi, Kiuna, Klampeyan, Kodavara, Kodum, Kola ayila, Kurambo, Labula, Lampaian, Laran, Limpoh, Loeraa, Ludai, Ma-u, Ma-uguagdon, Ma-uguangdon, Ma-ukadon, Maoo, Masarambi, Mau-lettan-she, Mugawe, Nhyu, Pandur, Pedda-soko, Pekaung, Pelapain, Phuya, Pontua, Roghu, Rudrak-shamba, Sanko, Sanyepang, Selepaian, Selimpoh, Sempayan, Sencari, Serebunaik, Suge manai, Sugi manai, Taloh, Tawa telan, Toa, Tuak, Tuneh, Tuwak, Vella cadamba, Vellei kadambu, Ye-ma-u Regions of Distribution Africa, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, Fiji [Polynesia], India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico [US], Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Artificial limbs, Balusters, Baskets, Beams, Beehives, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Casks, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concrete formwork, Construction, Decks, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling, Particleboard, Pencil, Planks, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Structural plywood, Structural work, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Utility plywood, Veneer, Wardrobes Environmental Profile Abundant/Secure Generally secure within its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Widely distributed from India to the Malayan Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, and Australia.  Grows best on deep, moist, alluvial sites, often in secondary forests along riverbanks.  A favored plantation species inside and outside its native region. Heartwood Color White Yellow Orange Red Brown Green/grey White to cream Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Yellow - light Whitish Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color White Yellow Red Same as heartwood White to yellow White with a yellowish tinge Grain Straight Crossed Interlocked Even Spiral Figure Weak (figure) Straight Interlocked Weak figure Spiral Texture Medium Fine Coarse Even or uniform Uniform Fine to medium Medium to coarse Medium Fine Moderately fine to moderately coarse Even textured Coarse Luster Low Medium Dull Slightly lustrous Lustrous Low Natural Growth Defects Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Natural Durability Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Perishable Non-resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to termites Resistant to powder post beetles Non-resistant to marine borers Non durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Perishable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact Susceptible to blue stain attack Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Readily attacked by powder-post beetles and marine borers Susceptible to marine borer attack Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log Odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 T10-D4S (4/4);T8-D3S (8/4) US Schedule H (4/4); United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Splitting Distortion Collapse Loose Knots Checking Internal Honeycombing Possible Slight surface checking Slight degrade in the form of loose knots, warping, and collapse may occur No twisting or warping No end splitting Slight twist/warp Slight end splitting Slight cupping Slight collapse and honeycomb Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement Easy Seasons fairly rapidly Air dries easily and uniformly Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Rapid Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 40-50 m Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Bole length is 30-40 m Bole length is 20-30 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 10-20 m Bark width is 5-10 mm Tree height is 50-60 m Tree height is 60-70 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as poor Blunting Effect Little Moderate Slight blunting effect on cutting tools Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Blunting effect on machining is slight Boring Fairly easy to very easy Fair to good results Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Side grain fuzziness can be minimized by keeping tool bits very sharp Pressing the chisel bit lightly on material reduces crushing and tearing Fair results Moderately easy Difficult Carving Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to carve Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Responds readily to sawing Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Good gluing properties Mortising Very Good to Excellent Results Poor to Very Poor Results Fair to Good Results Poor mortising characteristics Finishes well Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement Small Retains shape very well after manufacture Dimensionally stable Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to nail Easy to nail Holds nails well Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Excellent planed surfaces result from using a 30 degree cutting angle Planes to a satisfactory finish Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is permeable Very easy to treat using either open tank or pressure-vacuum systems Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Routing yields good results Routing is easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Responds well to sanding operations Produces smooth surfaces Good sanding finish Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Very Good to Excellent Results Poor results Finish is generally satisfactory Excellent turning properties Easy to turn Difficult to turn Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Difficult to veneer Suitable for slicing Easy to cut There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Suitable for peeling Good gluing qualities Steam Bending Poor to Very Poor Results Poor steam bending characteristics Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Shiny finished surfaces Fairly good polishing characteristics Staining Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Takes stains readily and well Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract Finish is generally satisfactory Varnishing Fair to Good Results Good varnishing properties Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Surfaces may dent easily Soft Mars easily Does not wear well Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Average weight Average density Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage Volumetric = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium It compares favorably with Teak, which also has high bending strength. Compression strength parallel to grain, or maximum crushing strength, is medium. It is lower in this property than Teak Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6728 10896 psi Crushing Strength 545 990 psi Density 26 lbs/ft3 Hardness 626 lbs Impact Strength 27 30 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3351 5767 psi Shearing Strength 1214 psi Static Bending 3831 7080 psi Stiffness 1160 1351 1000 psi Toughness 79 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 6 10 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.32 0.42 Weight 42 26 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % Volumetric Shrinkage 8 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 473 766 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 38 69 kg/cm2 Density 416 kg/m3 Hardness 283 kg Impact Strength 68 76 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 235 405 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 85 kg/cm2 Static Bending 269 497 kg/cm2 Stiffness 81 94 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 91 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.42 0.70 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.32 0.42 Weight 673 416 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 6 % References Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva Bolza, E. and N. 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