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Blunting Effect Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing		Scientific Name Strombosia scheffleri Trade Name Afina Family Name Olacaceae Synonyms Strombosia toroensis, Strombosia scheffleri Common Names Afina, Aramemila, Aranmamila, Chiusa, Ifondo, Itako pupa, Kambu kazi, Kambu-kazi, Lieme, Luyusa, Mbangbazoa evele, Mbasa, Msangana, Mtora, Muirosi, Munyakasikuro, Munyankono, Murithi, Musiringu, Mutianzuni, Mutimuiro, Mutimuiru, Mutsahware, Nghila, Omuhika, Poe, Ruiunza, Strombosia, Tshipulupulu, Ubelu, Wofondo Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire Common Uses Bearings & bushings, Bridge construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Flooring, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Mine timbers, Model airplanes, Musical instruments, Piling, Plywood, Posts, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Tables, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer Heartwood Color Brown Purple Red Black Reddish brown Red White to cream Pale brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Dark brown Black Sapwood Color White Yellow Paler than heartwood Same as heartwood Grain Straight Weak (figure) Figure Wavy Even Closed Straight Weak figure Wavy Texture Medium Fine Fine Medium Fine to medium Natural Durability Very durable Resistant to termites Non-resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to insect attack Non durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Moderately durable Very durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 Drying Defects Splitting Checking Moderate end spitting Moderate cupping Slight twist/warp Slight spring/bow No twisting or warping Moderate twist/warp Generally free from spring and bow Ease of Drying Slowly Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is misshapen Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 0-10 m Tree height is 10-20 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect High to severe Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe Boring Easy Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with green wood is variable Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Mortising Easy to mortise Moulding Easy to mould Good finishing results Movement in Service Large Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Difficult to nail Holds nails well Possible if prebored Nails hold poorly Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Easy to plane Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is highly resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is permeable Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Difficult to machine Screwing Possible if prebored Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results Easy to turn Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Satisfactory results Good results Staining Poor to Very Poor Results Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = high Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Max. crushing strength = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Hardness (side grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Bending strength (MOR) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = very hard Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 19075 27747 psi Density 52 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2160 lbs Impact Strength 45 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 6220 9173 psi Shearing Strength 2722 psi Stiffness 1888 2183 1000 psi Weight 51 42 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1341 1950 kg/cm2 Density 833 kg/m3 Hardness 979 kg Impact Strength 114 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 437 644 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 191 kg/cm2 Stiffness 132 153 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 817 673 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Battiscombe, E.,1926,A Descriptive Catalogue of some of the Common Trees and Woody Plants of,Kenya Colony,Crown Agents for the Colonies London Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Brenan, J.P.M., Greenway, P.J.,1949,Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford No.5 Tanganyika Territories Part 2 Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda Fouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. Belguim Goldsmith, B., Carter, D.T.,1981,The Indigenous Timbers of Zimbabwe,Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No.9 Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5 Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi. Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23 Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T. Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer Uganda Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Tanzania Forest Department,1964,Strombosia scheffleri (msangana,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Uganda Forest Department,1954,Munyankono,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No35 Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1 Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya