Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Certified Source Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Odor Painting Planing Polishing Product Sources References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Veneering Qualities		Scientific Name Shorea negrosensis Trade Name Dark red meranti Family Name Dipterocarpaceae Common Names Apnit, Aruas, Babanganon, Bagtikan, Balakbakan, Bangabang, Bataan, Bayakan, Binaliuan, Botgo, Bunga, Chapui, Danilang, Dark red lauan, Dark red meranti, Dark red Philippine mahogany, Dark red seraya, Hillagasi, Hinlagasi, Kalayaan, Kalian, Kila, Kuebang batu, Kuliaan, Lagasi, Lauaan, Lauaan-ayian, Lauaan-ayuan, Lauaan-pula, Lauaan-tabiban, Lauaan-takuban, Lauan, Mag-orang, Magaboling, Magangao, Malagangao, Malatbang, Manggachapui, Mayapis, Nemesu, Oba suluk, Philippine mahogany, Philippine red mahogany, Red lauan, Saplig, Takoban pula, Takuban, Tampalasaha, Tampalasha, Tangile, Tiaong, Ubanan, Ughayan, Yampalasaha Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand Common Uses Beams, Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Building construction, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concrete formwork, Construction, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Porch columns, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environmental Profile Little or no threat to its population Generally secure within its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview The Dark red meranti group of Shorea is found in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The genera occurs extensively, from Sri Lanka and India in the west and throughout Burma and many regions in Southeast Asia, and up to the Philippine islands in the east. The forests in Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula are reported to contain the highest concentrations of Shorea species. Heartwood Color White Yellow Red Orange Brown Reddish brown Red Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure Pale red to pink Dark brown to deep red, and sometimes deep purple Conspicuous white dammar or red streaks Sapwood Color Red Yellow White White to yellow Well defined Pinkish Paler than heartwood Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood Grain Interlocked Figure Rippled (figure) Stripe (figure) Interlocked Rippled figure Striped figure Texture Medium Coarse Resinous and oily Coarse Medium to coarse Luster High Medium Lustrous Non-lustrous Dull Natural Growth Defects Latex or other ducts Brittleheart sometimes present. Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive Natural Durability Non-durable Susceptible to insect attack Perishable Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to powder post beetles Moderately durable Vulnerable to attack by powder-post beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Not resistant to attack by marine borers Non durable Moderately durable to durable Durable Odor Has a taste No specific taste Distinctive resinous odor Kiln Schedules T6-D4 (4/4) T3-D3 (8/4) US Schedule F (4/4) United Kingdom Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Splitting Checking Distortion Discoloration Warping may also occur durin drying Thick material may check and end split Slight surface checking Moderate twist/warp Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement Easy Fairly difficult to dry Dries slowly Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries quickly Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Bole length is 10-20 m Bole length is 0-10 m Tree height is 40-50 m Tree height is 30-40 m Bole length is 20-30 m Product Sources Shorea species is a major timber source in international trade. Trees are plentiful, and supplies of timber and other timber products are universally available, especially in the form of veneers. This popular wood is typically priced in the inexpensive range. Many species in the Shorea genus are also a source of other economically important non-timber products. Seeds of some species yield fat which is used in the manufacture of chocolate. Others produce nuts, the most common of which is the illipe nuts of commerce produced by S. gysbertisiana . The nuts yield a fat which is similar to cocoa-butter in some of its properties. Shorea trees are also tapped for oleo-resin, and typical dammar is obtained from S. wiesneri which grows in Java and Sumatra. The tree of S. robusta produces dammar which is used as a disinfectant and as incense in religious ceremonies in India. Other non-timber products from Shorea are reported to include tannin and fibers. Certified Source Certified Source Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate Little Slight blunting effect on cutting tools Blunting effect on machining is slight Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy May occasionally be fuzzy Easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good carving properties Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Interlocked grain cause sawn surfaces to be fibrous Easy to saw Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to glue Good gluing properties Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortises easily and clearly with sharp tools Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Responds readily to ordinary tools in boring operations to produce clean surfaces Easy to mould The timber is stronger and harder than light red meranti Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Small Holds its shape well after seasoning Dimensionally stable after seasoning Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Holds nails well Good nailing characteristics Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Interlocked grain may cause some tearing, and a reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended in planing Easy to work in planning and almost all machine operations Cutting edges should be kept clean and sharp Resistance to Impregnation Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Sapwood is permeable Resistant to very resistant to preservative treatment Heartwood is resistant Fairly permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Responds Readily Easy to machine The operation requires sharp cutting edges for best results Responds well to hand tools Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Routs easily with ordinary machine tools Cutting edges should be kept clean and very sharp to prevent fibrous surfaces in material containing interlocked grain Sanding Better sanding qualities than lighter stock Screwing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good screwing properties Easy to screw Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Turned surfaces of straight-grained material are usually clean Good turning qualities Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Easy to cut Steam Bending Poor Buckels severely at realtively large radii of curvature, even with use of supporting strap Painting Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Surface Preparation Good results Takes a good polish Staining Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Satisfactory staining properties Finish is generally good Varnishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Weight=High Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Resists wearing and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = low Hardness = medium Density=High Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12%moisture content)is high-comparable to Teak Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6980 10609 psi Crushing Strength 524 711 psi Density 38 lbs/ft3 Hardness 908 lbs Impact Strength 22 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3679 5951 psi Shearing Strength 1290 psi Static Bending 4530 6842 psi Stiffness 1443 1684 1000 psi Toughness 250 inch-lbs Work to Maximum Load 7 9 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.54 0.64 Weight 37 26 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Volumetric Shrinkage 13 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 490 745 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 36 49 kg/cm2 Density 608 kg/m3 Hardness 411 kg Impact Strength 55 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 258 418 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 90 kg/cm2 Static Bending 318 481 kg/cm2 Stiffness 101 118 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 288 cm-kg Work to Maximum Load 0.49 0.63 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.54 0.64 Weight 592 416 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % References Arno, J. 1988. Shorea spp. - Luan. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 329-330. Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Cortes, R.T.,1940,Impact bending properties of twelve Philippine Dipterocarps,Philippine Journal of Forestry 3(3) pp325-43 Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32 I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio. Kaiser, J. Wood of the Month: Meranti - The Hardworking Import. Wood & Wood Products, May 1991. Page 48. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B. 1966. The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5): A-H. Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California. Lomibao, B.A.,1973,Guide to the identification of the woods of Philippine Dipterocarpaceae,Foxpride Digest 2(2) pp26-34 Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Skolmen, R.G.,1963,Robusta Eucalyptus Wood: Its Properties and Uses,US. Forest Service Research Paper, No. PSW-9, Pacific Southwest Forest,Range Experimental Station Tamesis, F., Aguilar, L.,1953,The 'Philippine mahogany' and other Dipterocarp woods,Philippine Department of Agriculture and Natural Research Popular Bulletin,No.44 Timber Development Association,1942,Red Lauan - Shorea negrosensis,TRADA Timber Leaflet No. 36 U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72 USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin. WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.